Stock-catch analysis of carp recreational fisheries in Czech reservoirs: Insights into fish survival, and impact of extreme events

In culture-based fisheries, managers strive for high stocking efficiency, the ratio between the total weight of caught and stocked fish. Here we present a new time series approach to examine the dependence of reported anglers. catches on stocking and external events, using data on carp ('Cyprinus carpio' L.) from 14 reservoirs in the Czech Republic. Average stocking efficiency varied between 0.25 and 2.2, with values close to unity in most reservoirs. The lowest efficiencies occurred in three reservoirs receiving cold hypoxic water from a large upstream reservoir, while the highest efficiencis were found in two shallow, highly productive reservoirs. Analyses further indicate that stocked carp are typically caught during the year of release or the year after; but also that the mean time lag- between stocking and capture increases with reservoir area. External events can be important: major floods in the years 2002 and 2006 were in many cases followed by large, up to 10-fold, increases in catches in subsequent years; we attribute the surplus catch to carp washed down from upstream aquaculture and river stretches. In contrast, the "Velvet REvolution" (demise of the communist regime in 1989) had no discernible effect on catches in subsequent years. In conclusion, the proposed method can simultaneously estimate the likely mean survival time of stocked carp and identify the impact of major environmental and societal events on recreational fisheries. The approach thus sheds light on the performance of current stocking practices at individual reservoirs, and could be used to monitor and improve stocking strategies and management of culture-based recreational fisheries

Modeling the formation and growth of atmospheric molecular clusters : A review

Molecular clusters are ubiquitous constituents of the ambient atmosphere, that can grow into larger sizes forming new aerosol particles. The formation and growth of small clusters into aerosol particles remain one of the largest uncertainties in global climate predictions. This has made the modeling of atmospheric molecular clustering into an active field of research, yielding direct molecular level information about the formation mechanism. We review the present state of-the-art quantum chemical methods and cluster distribution dynamics models that are applied to study the formation and growth of atmospheric molecular clusters. We outline the current challenges in applying theoretical methods and the future directions to move the field forward.Peer reviewe

Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry of Iodine Pentoxide-Iodic Acid Hybrid Cluster Anions in Dry and Humidified Atmospheres

Nanometer-scale clusters form from vapor-phase precursors and can subsequently grow into nanoparticles during atmospheric nucleation events. A particularly interesting set of clusters relevant to nucleation is hybrid iodine pentoxide-iodic acid clusters of the form (I2O5)(x)(HIO3)(y) as these clusters have been observed in coastal region nucleation events in anomalously high concentrations. To better understand their properties, we utilized ion mobility-mass spectrometry to probe the structures of cluster anions of the form (I2O5)(x)(HIO3)(y)(IO alpha)(-) (x = 0-7,y = 0-1, alpha = 1-3), similar to those observed in coastal nucleation events. We show that (I2O5)(x)(HIO3)(y)(IO alpha)(-) clusters are relatively stable against dissociation during mass spectrometric measurement, as compared to other clusters observed in nucleation events over continental sites, and that at atmospherically relevant relative humidity levels (65% and less) clusters can become sufficiently hydrated to facilitate complete conversion of iodine pentoxide to iodic acid but that water sorption beyond this level is limited, indicating that the clusters do not persist as nanometer-scale droplets in the ambient.Peer reviewe

Hot-cracking of high-alloyed steels evaluated by wedge rolling test

We present a new methodology of determination of hot-cracking f metallic materials, which is based on laboratory application of the wedge rolling test and computer processing of the results obtained. The experiment was made with selected new types of high-alloyed free-cutting (ferritic and austenitic) steels. The initial specimens underwent an additional modification enabling easier development of cracks which consisted in milling out of the defined V-shaped notches on a side wall of a specimen. After taking specimens from the rolled material, we performed the metallographic analysis of microstructures by means of optical microscopy as well as a SEM analysis of the cracks. The resulting microstructure in the propagating crack vicinity was markedly influenced by this fracture. In the crack vicinity, a noticeable refinement of grains was observed due to the stress-induced recrystallization and occurrence of deformation zones that were pronounced by the rolled-out and stretched sulphides. As a rule, fractures were created by the ductile failure with visible pits, caused by tearing of sulphides from the material. Susceptibility of the studied steels to hot-cracking was evaluated and compared.Представлен новый метод определения горячих трещин в металлических материалах, основанный на лабораторной методике прокатки на клин и компьютерной обработке результатов. Эксперименты выполняли на отобранных высоколегированных автоматных (ферритных и аустенитных) сталях нового типа. В исходных образцах фрезеровали У-образные надрезы на их боковой стороне, что облегчало развитие трещин. После вырезки образцов из прокатанного материала выполняли металлографический анализ микроструктуры с помощью оптической микроскопии и анализ трещин с помощью сканирующей микроскопии. Разрушение в значительной мере влияло на микроструктуру, возникшую вблизи развивающейся трещины. Вблизи трещины наблюдалось заметное изменение зерен вследствие рекристаллизации, вызванной напряжениями, и появления зон деформирования, соответствующих прокатанным и вытянутым сульфидам. Как правило, разрушение возникало за счет пластического разрыва с видимыми ямками, вызванного отрывом сульфидов от материала. Оценивалась и сравнивалась склонность изучаемых сталей к образованию горячих трещин

Horizontal beaming as a crucial component of acoustic fish stock assessment in freshwater reservoirs

acoustic,attraction,avoidance,BODY,density,depth,Fish,fish density,FLUVIATILIS,Freshwater,horizontal,hydroacoustics,LARVAL,larval stage,length,model,night,PERCA-FLUVIATILIS,reservoir,reservoirs,sonar,species,split-beam,stock,stock assessment,Stocks,summer,survey,Surveys,SYSTEM,TIME,Tracking,Water

Diurnal changes of fish behaviour in a lowland river monitored by a dual-beam echosounder

behaviour,Biomass,density,depth,downstream,Fish,fish biomass,fish density,horizontal,hydroacoustics,LOWLAND,LOWLAND RIVER,movement,movements,night,river,sonar,swimming,Thames,transducers,upstream,Water

Stock-catch analysis of carp recreational fisheries in Czech reservoirs: Insights into fish survival, water body productivity and impact of extreme events

In culture-based fisheries, managers strive for high stocking efficiency, the ratio between the total weight of caught and stocked fish. Here we present a new time series approach to examine the dependence of reported anglers' catches on stocking and external events, using data on carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) from 14 reservoirs in the Czech Republic. Average stocking efficiency varied between 0.25 and 2.2, with values close to unity in most reservoirs. The lowest efficiencies occurred in three reservoirs receiving cold hypoxic water from a large upstream reservoir, while the highest efficiencies were found in two shallow, highly productive reservoirs. Analyses further indicate that stocked carp are typically caught during the year of release or the year after; but also that the mean time lag between stocking and capture increases with reservoir area. External events can be important: major floods in the years 2002 and 2006 were in many cases followed by large, up to 10-fold, increases in catches in subsequent years; we attribute the surplus catch to carp washed down from upstream aquaculture and river stretches. In contrast, the "Velvet Revolution" (demise of the communist regime in 1989) had no discernible effect on catches in likely mean survival time of stocked carp and identify the impact of major environmental and societal events on recreational fisheries. The approach thus sheds light on the performance of current stocking practices at individual reservoirs, and could be used to monitor and improve stocking strategies and management of culture-based recreational fisheries