PECULIARITIES OF SEMINAL VESICLES AND SEMINAL DUCTS FORMATION

Introduction. Recently, decrease in male reproductive function has become particularly relevant. Nowadays, 8 to 29% of married couples are infertile throughout the world. The purpose of our study was the ascertainment of the peculiarities of development of seminal vesicles, seminal and ejaculatory ducts. Material and methods. The study was carried out on 16 series of histological sections of pre-fetuses of 10-12 weeks and 4-month fetuses. Nine waxed reconstructions of pelvic organs of pre-fetuses of 65.0 mm parietococcygeal length (PCL) and fetuses of 82.0, 85.0, 95.0 and 130.0 mm PCL were made and studied. Results. In pre-fetuses of 46.0-52.0 mm PCL, the mesonephric duct (wolffian duct) is reduced in the cranial and middle sections. The diameter of the unreduced portion of the wolffian duct at the gonad level varies from 58 to 68 μm. At the beginning of the fetal period of ontogenesis, the length of the right seminal vesicle is 1.56 ± 0.12 mm, its width is 0.54 ± 0.05 mm, its thickness is 0.46 ± 0.06 mm. The dimensions of the left seminal vesicle are accordingly: 1.39 ± 0.11, 0.61 ± 0.05 and 0.57 ± 0.06 mm. In fetus of 130.0 mm PCL, the seminal vesicles are represented by the main tubule and its branches. The length of the right seminal vesicle is 2.3 mm, and the left is 2.2 mm. The length of the cavity of the main duct of the right seminal vesicle is 4.6 mm, and 6.4 mm including the branches. The length of the cavity of the main duct of the left seminal vesicle is 4.8 mm, and 5.6 mm including the branches. Conclusions. At the end of the 10 th – the beginning of the 11 th week of prenatal development, intensive upgrowth of the caudal parts of the mesonephric ducts was noted, resulting in the seminal ducts, seminal vesicles and prostate excretory ducts appearance. In the fetuses of 95.0-120.0 mm of PCL, formation of an ampulla of the seminal duct was observed. At the end of the 4 th month of prenatal development, the external and internal structure of the seminal vesicles and ampullae of the seminal duct becomes more complicated

Hereditary tubulopathies including the associated bone disease

Tubulopathy is a heterogeneous group of diseases combined by the nephron functions disorders of one or more enzyme proteins in the tubular epithelium that cease to function as a reabsorption of one or several substances filtered from the blood through the glomeruli into tubules, which determines the development of the disease. This review addresses the tubulopathies accompanying bone disease, namely: de Tony-Debre-Fanconi syndrome (autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked), renal distal metabolic acidosis type I (classic, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive inheritance), renal distal tubular metabolic acidosis I (autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive inheritance) and type II (autosomal recessive inheritance accompanying delayed mental development and eye disorders), combined distal and proximal renal tubular metabolic acidosis type III (autosomal recessive inheritance characterized by osteoporosis), hypophosphatemia rickets (X-linked dominant, autosomal dominant, primary hypercalciuria, autosomal recessive inheritance). However, the diagnosis of tubulopathy remains complex and requires expensive laboratory equipment and specialist expertise; it can be diagnosed in children showing the following symptoms: impaired growth, vitamin D resistant rickets (lower limb deformities between 2 and 3 years of age). In the evaluation of such patients urine analysis is commonly used (levels of calcium, phosphorus, pH, bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, glucose, creatinine, protein, amino acids), blood count (levels of creatinine, uric acid, alkaline phosphatase, glucose, pH and sodium, bicarbonate, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus ions), ultrasound of the kidneys to detect nephrocalcinosis. Determination of serum parathyroid hormone concentration, vitamin D metabolites, aldosterone and plasma renin activity, cysteine lymphocyte concentration (suspicion to diagnose cystinosis) and ophthalmologist examination may also be used as additional diagnostic methods. Despite the fact that most tubulopathies can be diagnosed clinically, molecular genetic studies are needed to clarify the type of inheritance and prognosis. The use of calcitriol will help in the management of phosphorous levels in the blood. Correction of vitamin D deficiency state is not required. Calcitriol supplementation may prevent secondary hyperparathyroidism resulting from increased phosphate intake

SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHY (WERDNIG-HOFFMANN ATROPHY/DISEASE): TWO CASE PRESENTATIONS AND LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction. Spinal muscular atrophy type 1 is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder characterized by degeneration of the anterior horn cells in the spinal cord, leading to symmetric muscle weakness and atrophy. 95% of affected children die before 2 years of age. The annual incidence in the world has been estimated at around 1/11 000. The errors (mutations) in the SMN1 gene prevalence vary from 1: 38 to 1: 70 in the population. The disorder is primarily caused by the homozygous deletions of the gene (5q12.2-q13.3). The SMN gene mutation is primarily caused by a homozygous deletion in exons 7 or 8. Case presentations. 2 clinical cases of children with the Werdnig-Hoffmann disorder will be presented, and a literature review of this pathology. Two cases of spinal muscular atrophy diagnosed in Chernivtsi region, Ukraine, are presented. In both children, a molecular genetic analysis found the homozygous deletions of SMN1 gene in exons 7 and 8. Most affected children die within 2.3- 1.3 years of age. These two cases ended lethally due to subinfection. Material was collected in accordance with ethical standards of work person under Helsinki Declaration (World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki, Ethical Principlesfor Medical Research Involving Human Subjects). Genealogical analysis of families, biochemical analysis of blood, ENMG were carried out. The molecular genetic method was used: DNA was extracted and the deletions of 7 and 8 exons of the telomeric SMN gene were tested by PCR method. The disorder usually manifests in young children, if mother has a history indicating a weak fetal movement during pregnancy. Hypotension and hypotrophy of muscles, absence of tendon reflexes on lower extremities, fibrillation of the muscles of the tongue and fingers are observed in the neonatal period. Children with this pathology can poise their heads, but never turn over and do not sit. They are characterized by a „frog“ position: the limbs are laid in the shoulder and femoral joints and bent in elbow and knee joints. Chest distortions are pathognomonic. The main cause of death is respiratory distress associated with intercurrent respiratory disorders. Conclusion. Based on the literature data and our experience of monitoring children with SMA type I, the disorder has a malignant rapidly progressing course

Hereditary tubulopathies including the associated bone disease

Tubulopathy is a heterogeneous group of diseases combined by the nephron functions disorders of one or more enzyme proteins in the tubular epithelium that cease to function as a reabsorption of one or several substances filtered from the blood through the glomeruli into tubules, which determines the development of the disease. This review addresses the tubulopathies accompanying bone disease, namely: de Tony-Debre-Fanconi syndrome (autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked), renal distal metabolic acidosis type I (classic, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive inheritance), renal distal tubular metabolic acidosis I (autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive inheritance) and type II (autosomal recessive inheritance accompanying delayed mental development and eye disorders), combined distal and proximal renal tubular metabolic acidosis type III (autosomal recessive inheritance characterized by osteoporosis), hypophosphatemia rickets (X-linked dominant, autosomal dominant, primary hypercalciuria, autosomal recessive inheritance). However, the diagnosis of tubulopathy remains complex and requires expensive laboratory equipment and specialist expertise; it can be diagnosed in children showing the following symptoms: impaired growth, vitamin D resistant rickets (lower limb deformities between 2 and 3 years of age). In the evaluation of such patients urine analysis is commonly used (levels of calcium, phosphorus, pH, bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, glucose, creatinine, protein, amino acids), blood count (levels of creatinine, uric acid, alkaline phosphatase, glucose, pH and sodium, bicarbonate, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus ions), ultrasound of the kidneys to detect nephrocalcinosis. Determination of serum parathyroid hormone concentration, vitamin D metabolites, aldosterone and plasma renin activity, cysteine lymphocyte concentration (suspicion to diagnose cystinosis) and ophthalmologist examination may also be used as additional diagnostic methods. Despite the fact that most tubulopathies can be diagnosed clinically, molecular genetic studies are needed to clarify the type of inheritance and prognosis. The use of calcitriol will help in the management of phosphorous levels in the blood. Correction of vitamin D deficiency state is not required. Calcitriol supplementation may prevent secondary hyperparathyroidism resulting from increased phosphate intake

Morphological and functional changes in kidneys caused by propranolol: effects of melatonin.

Background. Beta-blockers, including propranolol, are widely used in clinical practice as effective heart medicines. By the spectrum of action, some of them are selectively blocking beta-blockers, which are located in the heart muscle, and called cardioselective (nebivolol, metoprolol, atenolol). Others (propranolol, oksyprenolol, pindolol), simultaneously affect β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors, referred to as non-selective. Objective. The aim of our study was to examine the value of blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors in the regulation of chronorhythms of excretory and ion-regulative renal functions. Determine the possible role of exogenous melatonin in mechanisms of correction of circadian renal function disorders and morphologic abnormalities of kidneys. Methods. Experiments conducted on 35 male rats. One group of rats was daily administered by intragastric propranolol at a dose of 2,5 mg/kg body weight at 19.00 for 7 days. Another group of rats received intraperitoneal exogenous melatonin (Sigma, USA) (0,5 mg/kg body weight) at standard daylight against previous administration of propranolol. Results. Our studies showed that exogenous melatonin is able to influence the basic parameters of renal function caused by propranolol. Obviously, these effects are realized by stimulating specific melatonin receptors located on the basolateral membrane of the initial divisions of proximal tubules, and to a lesser extent – in the glomeruli. Thus, administration of melatonin on the background of propranolol action increases the urine output, increases the speed of ultrafiltration in glomeruli at 42 %, reduces the effects of azotemia, increases the excretion of sodium, increases proximal and distal transport of this cation. Conclusion. The influence of melatonin in condition of propranolol action was characterized by pleiotropic effect

ПОРУШЕННЯ ОБМІНУ МЕЛАТОНІНУ В ГЕНЕЗІ МЕТАБОЛІЧНОГО СИНДРОМУ

In a review of scientific reports, information about melatonin is presented, as well as its role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. The protective properties of melatonin induced by ischemia and diabetes, its indirect antioxidant effects by means of expression of the proper genes in target organs were found.         Metabolic syndrome MS (syn. Reaven, X-syndrome, insulin resistance syndrome, deadly quartet) – is described by the experts of WHO as the pandemic of the XXI century, and its components - obesity and type 2 diabetes, are considered as a global epidemic of non-infectious genesis. Metabolic syndrome as a multifactorial disease is the result of the combined effect of genetic, epigenetic and environment factors.         The positive effect of exogenous melatonin administration on the course of metabolic syndrome helps to eliminate the pathological desynchronosis and provides qualitative readaptation. A similar effect is caused by a wide pleiotropic action of melatonin on multifaceted basic disease. This hormone normalizes lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, lowers blood cholesterol, restores the rhythm of leptin synthesis and lipid oxidation. The scientific foundation of melatonin use as a biological marker in the diagnostics of metabolic syndrome in elderly and senile age, has been received.В обзоре научных сообщений представлены сведения о мелатонине, показана его роль в патогенезе метаболического синдрома. Обоснованно защитные свойства мелатонина, индуцированные ишемией и диабетом, его косвенные антиоксидантные эффекты путем экспрессии соответствующих генов в органах-мишенях.В огляді наукових повідомлень представлені відомості про мелатонін, показана його роль у патогенезі метаболічного синдрому. Обґрунтовано захисні властивості мелатоніну, що індуковані ішемією та діабетом, його непрямі антиоксидантні ефекти шляхом експресії відповідних генів в органах-мішенях

Morphometric changes in neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus rats under conditions of light deprivation

The article deals with the results of studies of the morphometric state of neurons of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus of light-deprived rats. It is established that the duration of the photoperiod has a significant effect on the photoreceptor pacemakers of SCN. In the study of samples taken at 2 pm and 2 am, the light-deprived animals showed a decrease in the morphometric parameters of the pacemaker circadian periodicity in comparison with intact animals and smoothing of diurnal differences in the body area of the neuron of the rat hypothalamus SCN

Peculiarities of seminal vesicles and seminal ducts formation

ntroduction. Recently, decrease in male reproductive function has become particularly relevant. Nowadays, 8 to 29% of married couples are infertile throughout the world. The purpose of our study was the ascertainment of the peculiarities of development of seminal vesicles, seminal and ejaculatory ducts

Показники ниркових функцій за умов стандартного режиму освітлення та дії анаприліну

The paper presents the peculiarities of the indices of the renal functions under the conditions of the standard lighting regimen and anaprilinum action. It is of great importance for better learning the time organization of the renal functions, understanding the nature of chronopathological phenomena.В статье приведены особенности показателей почечных функций в условиях стандартного режима освещения и действия анаприлина. Это важно для изучения часовой организации ренальных функций, понимания природы хронопатологических явлений.У статті наведені особливості показників ниркових функцій за умов стандартного режиму освітлення та дії анаприліну. Це має важливе значення для пізнання часової організації ренальних функцій, розуміння природи хронопатологічних явищ

ВИКЛАДАННЯ МЕДИЧНОЇ ПАРАЗИТОЛОГІЇ У БУКОВИНСЬКОМУ ДЕРЖАВНОМУ МЕДИЧНОМУ УНІВЕРСИТЕТІ

Parasitic infestations account for a significant percentage of overall morbidity andmortality. In this regard, the problem of parasitic pathology often occurs in the practiceof physicians, which necessitates an increase in the level of professional training ofphysicians. It is necessary to expand the knowledge of health professionals not onlyabout the clinical symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of infestations, but also about theepidemiological features and life cycles of parasites that underlie the development of themethods for the prevention of parasitic diseases.The aim of the work is to analyze the peculiarities of teaching medical parasitologyto the first-year students of the Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine“Bukovinian State Medical University” in order to improve teaching methods in thetraining of doctors.Conclusion. Teaching medical parasitology includes lectures, practical classes,independent work of students, conducting two final modular tests, which includecomputer testing, theoretical questions, practical skills. The peculiarity of the study ofmedical parasitology is the use of a large amount of visual material: tables, diagrams,illustrations, photographs, microslides and museum specimens.Паразитарные инвазии составляют значительный процент в общем уровнезаболеваемости и смертности. В связи с этим в практической деятельностиврача часто встречается проблема паразитарной патологии, что обусловливаетнеобходимость повышения уровня профессиональной подготовки врачей.Необходимым является расширение знаний медицинских работников нетолько о клинической симптоматике, диагностике и лечении инвазий, но и обэпидемиологических особенностях и жизненных циклах паразитов, которыележат в основе создания методов профилактики паразитозов.Цель работы – анализ особенностей преподавания медицинской паразитологиистудентам первого курса Высшего государственного учебного заведения Украины «Буковинский государственный медицинский университет» с цельюусовершенствовать методы обучения при подготовке врачей.Вывод. Преподавание медицинской паразитологии предусматривает лекции,практические занятия, самостоятельную работу студентов, проведениедвух итоговых модульных контролей, которые включают компьютерноетестирование, теоретические вопросы, практические навыки. Особенностьюизучения медицинской паразитологии является использование большогоколичества наглядного материала: таблиц, схем, иллюстраций, фотографий,микропрепаратов и музейных экспонатов.Паразитарні інвазії складають вагомий відсоток у загальному рівні захворюваностіта смертності. У зв'язку з цим у практичній діяльності лікаря часто трапляєтьсяпроблема паразитарної патології, що зумовлює необхідність підвищення рівняпрофесійної підготовки лікарів. Необхідним є розширення знань медичнихпрацівників не тільки про клінічну симптоматику, діагностику та лікуванняінвазій, але й про епідеміологічні особливості та життєві цикли паразитів, якілежать в основі створення методів профілактики паразитозів.Мета роботи – аналіз особливостей викладання медичної паразитології студентампершого курсу Вищого державного навчального закладу України «Буковинськийдержавний медичний університет» з метою удосконалення методів навчання припідготовці лікарів.Висновок. Викладання медичної паразитології передбачає лекції, практичнізаняття, самостійну роботу студентів, проведення двох підсумкових модульнихконтролів, які включають комп'ютерне тестування, теоретичні питання,практичні навички. Особливістю вивчення медичної паразитології є використаннявеликої кількості наочного матеріалу: таблиць, схем, ілюстрацій, фотографій,мікропрепаратів та музейних експонатів