Endoskopska i ultrazvučna dijagnostika kao savremene metode u dijagnostici oboljenja želuca pasa

The visualization of pathological processes in the dog stomach determines a correct diagnosis or differential diagnosis, which presents the basic prerequisite for rational therapy. In addition to the conventional type of clinical examination which covers the taking of anamnestic data, observation of the patient and laboratory tests, there are also certain computerized diagnostic methods (magnetic resonance and scanner) which are the most precise and most reliable in the verification of stomach diseases. However, the listed approaches are either insufficiently relevant in making the diagnosis or are too expensive and demanding for the everyday clinical practice. These are the reasons why veterinary medicine today increasingly resorts to the use of other forms of imaging diagnostics, and, as its representatives, the video endoscopic, ultrasound and X-ray examination of the digestive tract.Vizualizacija patoloških procesa na želucu pasa i postavljanje pravilne dijagnoze ili diferencijalne dijagnoze predstavlja osnovni preduslov za racionalnu terapiju. Pored klasičnog načina kliničkog pregleda koji obuhvata uzimanje anamnestičkih podataka, opservaciju pacijenta i labaratorijske analize, postoje i određene kompjuterizovane dijagnostičke metode (magnetna rezonanca i skener) koje su najpreciznije i najpouzdanije u verifikovanju oboljenja želuca. Međutim, navedeni pristupi su previse skupi i zahtevni za svakodnevnu kliničku praksu. Iz tih razloga danas se u savremenoj veterinarskoj medicini sve vise koriste drugi vidovi „imidžing" dijagnostike, a kao njeni reprezenti video-endoskopski, ultrazvučni i rendgenski pregled digestivnog trakta

Biokompatibilnost nanostrukturnog karboničnog kalcijum hidroksiapatita dobijenog hidrotermalnom metodom

Evaluation of biomaterials as safe and effective therapies needs preclinical models to estimate their biologic potential. This paper investigates biocompatibility by the in vivo assessment of the muscle tissue reaction after implantation of the hidrothermally produced calciumhydroxyapatite. Specific attention has to be given to the synthesis technique which influences the stereology of the material and the behavior of the material in living tissues. The synthesized powders of hydroxyapatite are preferentially carbonated hydroxyapatite of the B type in the form of agglomerates that accommodate two-modal size pores of 1.5-10 nm and 50-200 nm. The particles are built from crystallites of 8-22 nm in size, bind inside of the prime particles sized is between 10 and 63 nm. They form agglomerates of 200 nm in size and these were further clustered building up the biggest agglomerates of 5- 20 _m. Biocompatibility assessment revealed that only mild to moderate inflammatory reaction was seen around the calciumhydroxyapatite implants. Calciumhydroxyapatite failed to show any substantional toxicity.Evaluacija biomaterijala kao bezbednog i efikasnog materijala u terapiji zahteva prekliničke modele da bi se ocenio njihov biološki potencijal. U ovom radu je in vivo ocenjivana biokompatibilnost hidrotermalno sintetizovanog kalcijumhidroksiapatita metodom implantacije u mišićno tkivo životinja. Posebnu pažnju treba obratiti na tehniku sinteze jer ona utiče na stereologiju materijala i ima uticaj na ponašanje materijala u živom organizmu. Sintetizovani prah hidroksiapatita je uglavnom ugljenični B tip hidroksiapatita u formi aglomerata koji stvaraju dva modela veličine pora od 1,5-10 nm i 50-200 nm. Čestice su izgrađene od kristalita veličine od 8-22 nm, povezani unutar primarne čestice čija je veličina između 10 i 63 nm. Oni formiraju aglomerate od 200 nm veličine a oni dalje grade veće aglomerate od 5-20 µm. Ocenjivanjem biokompatibilnosti uočena je blaga do umerena inflamatorna reakcija u mišićnom tkivu oko implantiranih uzoraka. Kalcijum hidroksiapatit nije ispoljio značajniju toksičnost

Basic principles of laparoscopic diagnosis of some abdominal organs in dogs

Laparoskopija je minimalno invazivna dijagnostička i hirurška metoda, koja omogućava veterinarima da sprovedu temeljnu vizualizaciju trbušne duplje i brzo uzmu uzorak tkiva za patohistološka ispitivanja. Na taj način dolazi se do preciznije dijagnoze, a time se sprovodi odgovarajući tretman pojedinih patoloških stanja abdominalne duplje pasa. Nakon ovakve intervencije, oporavak pacijenta je sigurniji i brži. Za laparoskopsku dijagnostiku na Fakultetu veterinarske medicine u Beogradu koristi se rigidni endoskop dužine 30 cm, dijametra 5 mm, sa vrhom pod uglom od 30° i specijalni set instrumenata i biopsera za uzimanje tkiva jetre, slezine i pankreasa.Laparoscopy is a minimally invasive diagnostic and surgical method, which allows veterinarians to perform thoroughly visualization of the abdominal cavity and quickly take a sample of tissue for examination patohistological test. In this way, a more precise diagnosis, thereby implementing the appropriate treatment of certain conditions patohistological abdominal cavity of dogs. After this intervention the patient's recovery is safer and faster. For laparoscopic diagnosis of Fakulty Veterinary Medicine in Belgrade used a rigid endoscope length 30 cm, diameter 5 mm, with the tip at an angle of 300 and a special set of istrument and biopsi for taking liver, spleen and pancreas

General procedures in diagnosis of malignant diseases in dogs and cats

Tumors occur in all domestic and wild animals. They are most often diagnosed in dogs and cats, and their numbers increase from year to year. In the recent years, cancer is believed to be the most frequent cause of pet deaths. A speedy and reliable diagnosis is of paramount importance because it enables the veterinarian to begin therapy and make a prognosis. The objective of an early diagnosis is to enable the detection of neoplastic diseases before the tumor spreads throughout the organism, consequently enabling the timely administration of therapy and providing greater chances for curing the animal. A tumor is diagnosed on the grounds of the anamnesis, clinical picture, and special diagnostic procedures. The most frequently applied diagnostic procedures are laboratory diagnostics, cytology, biopsy and pathohistology, imaging diagnostics (roentgenography and roentgenoscopy, ultrasound diagnostics, endoscopy, computer tomography, magnetic resonance, and scintigraphy) and molecular diagnostics. Each of these methods has its advantages and faults in connection with costs, availability, sensitivity, specificity and quality of anatomic vs functional pictures. Every one of these techniques has its own field of implementation and each one provides different and additional information in connection with the nature and position of the primary lesion and the presence of metastases

Clinical and histopathological investigations of lymphocito-plasmocitic duodenitis in dogs

Hronična oboljenja tankih creva pasa su ređa od akutnih poremećaja i samim tim teže se dijagnostikuju. Među ova oboljenja spada idiopatsko zapaljenje tankih creva, koje se odlikuje infi ltracijom ćelija infl amacije unutar l. propriae tankih creva, tunike mukoze tankih creva. Na osnovu kliničke slike i opšteg kliničkog pregleda moguće je postaviti sumnju. Analizom krvne slike pasa zapaža se leukocitoza i limfocitoza, dok se biohemijskim analizama može utvrditi različit stepen hipoproteinemije i hipoalbuminemije. Specijalističkim pregledom creva endoskopom može se uočiti različit stepen promena na sluznici tankih creva, od blagog edema do ulceracija. Tek nakon biopsije sluznice tankih creva i histopatološkog pregleda moguće je postaviti dijagnozu limfocitno-plazmocitnog duodenitisa. Iako je dijagnoza poznata, etiologija ovog oboljenja nije u potpunosti poznata, tako da je za postavljanje defi nitivne dijagnoze potrebno isključiti sva druga oboljenja sa istim ili sličnim simptomima. Tokom ovog istraživanja sprovedenog na gastroenterološkim pacijentima ambulante Klinike za male životinje Fakulteta veterinarske medicine u Beogradu tokom oktobra, novembra i decembra 2011. godine, kod četrnaest pacijenata je dijagnostikovan hronični limfocitno-plazmocitni enteritis i limfocitni enteritis.Chronic diseases of the small intestine are less common than acute disorders and therefore they are harder to diagnose. They can easily be mistaken with the diseases which give similar or same symptoms, which are chronic diarrhea, chronic vomiting, followed by weight loss due to malabsorption or protein loss trough digestive system. One of these diseases is idiopathic infl ammatory bowel disease, which is characterized by infi ltration of infl ammatory cells within the lamina propria in tunica mucosa of small bowel. Based on clinical signs and general physical examination, it is possible to place a suspicion to this disease, but by blood analyses leukocytosis can be identifi ed, while by biochemical analysis a different degree of hypoproteinemia can be found. Endoscopy examination of digestive tube different degree of changes on small bowel mucosa, from mild edema to severe ulceration can be found. A defi nitive diagnosis of IBD can only be made based on intestinal biopsy specimen analysis. Although the diagnosis is known, etiology of this disease is unknown, so it is necessary to exclude all other diseases with the same or similar symptoms for defi nitive diagnosis. During this research we used results of gastroenterological patients from Clinic for small animals of the Faculty of Veterinary medicine in Belgrade in October, November and December of 2011, with chronic plasmocitic enteritis was diagnosed 14 patients

Uticaj hidroksiapatita na apeksogenezu u majmuna - klinička studija

Management of the affected pulp in teeth with incomplete root formation is still an issue. Calcium hydroxide and other materials have been employed for this purpose to a greater or lesser success. Bioceramic materials are in the last decades well established in a number of different medical fields. Having its constituents the same as those of the unorganic portion of bone tissue, hydroxiapatite (HAP), one of the two forms of calcium-phosphate ceramics, is already accepted in endodontic treatment of teeth with completed root formation. The aim of this study was to examine apexogenesis in teeth with immature roots, following the use of HAP on their affected pulp. Examination was performed on eight young monkeys (Cercopithecus Aethiops) with incomplete root development. The 100 μm synthetic HAP material was applied on 32 teeth divided into two groups of 16 teeth each. In one group teeth underwent pulpotomy, in the other high pulpotomy. Evaluation of root growth was recorded from radiographs (pre-treatment, 3 and 12 months following treatment) and by Demjrian's scale for dental maturity and tooth age determination. On the basis of radiographic analysis, immature teeth with affected pulp treated with HAP, both with pulpotomy and high pulpotomy, reached the same stage of root development as control teeth in 50% of cases at 3-months radiographic assessment. After 12 months all tested teeth had the same rate of root development as control teeth, except for 1 of 8 with high pulpotomy. Dentinal bridge was radiographically visible in 50% and 87.5% of pulpotomized teeth after 3 and 12 months, respectively. Neither obliteration of the root canal, presence of denticles nor the presence of deformities in the periapical region were found in any of the observed teeth.Lečenja aficirane pulpe zuba sa nezavršenim rastom korena je još uvek predmet stručnih i naučnih rasprava, između ostalog i zbog neželjenih efekata tradicionalnih preparata na bazi kalcijum hidroksida. Biokeramički materijali se već nekoliko decenija primenjuju u različitim granama medicine, a hidroksiapatit, kao jedna od dve forme kalcijum-fosfatne keramike, ima gotovo istovetan sastav kao neorganski deo kosti, pa je već prihvaćen u endodontskom lečenju zuba sa završ enim rastom korena. Cilj ovog rada je bio da se ispita uticaj hidroksiapatita na apeksogenezu u zuba sa nezavršenim rastom korena i aficiranom pulpom. Ispitivanjem je bilo obuhvaćeno na osam mladih majmuna Cercopithecus Aethiops sa nezavršenim rastom korena zuba. Sintetički hidroksiapatit, veličine čestica od 100 μm je primenjen na trideset dva zuba, podeljenih u dve jednake grupe kod kojih je všena apulpotomija, odnosno visoka pulpotomija. Rendgenološ ka evaluacija rasta korena zuba je vršena pre terapije, kao i tri i dvanaest mesici posle primene HAP, a na osnovu Demjrianove skale za određivanje zrelosti zuba. Na osnovu rendgenološke analize posle 3 meseca je nađeno da je brzina razvoja korena kako pulpotomisanih, tako i visoko pulpotomisanih zuba kod kojih je primenjen HAP bila u 50% slučajeva ista kao kod kontrolnih zuba. Posle 12 meseci stepen razvoja korena zuba je u svih ispitivanih zuba (osim kod jednog od osam zuba sa izvršenom visokom pulpotomijom) bio isti kao u kontrolnih zuba. Dentinski most je bio vidljiv radiološkom analizom u 50% odnosno 87,5% eksperimentalnih zuba posle 3, odnosno posle 12 meseci. Ni u jednom pregledanom zubu rendgenološki nije uočena obliteracija kanala korena, kao ni dentikli ni deformiteti u periapeksnom predelu

Rendgenska, ultrazvučna i endoskopska dijagnostika određenih oboljenja želuca kod pasa

In order to broaden the range of diagnostic methods for determining stomach diseases and to make these methods a greater part of the daily clinical practice, the procedures of radiological, ultrasound and endoscopic examinations should be worked out in more detail, their limits and possibilities should be established, the topographic-anatomical and morphological status of the stomach should be described in a radiological, ultrasound and endoscopic picture, and the most represented stomach diseases should be defined as well. The paper presents the results of six-month investigations of stomach diseases in dogs of different breeds and ages. A total of 20 animals were examined: seven German Shepherds, four golden retrievers, three rottweilers, two dobermans, two big schauzers, and two mixed-breed dogs. Cases of acute gastritis, chronic ulcerous gastritis, foreign body cases, and stomach tumors have been described.Da bi se spektar dijagnostičkih metoda oboljenja želuca proširio i bio prisutniji u svakodnevnoj kliničkoj praksi, poželjno je da se detaljnije razradi postupak radiološkog, ultrazvučnog i endoskopskog pregleda, utvrde njihove granice i mogućnosti, opiše topografsko-anatomski i morfološki status želuca u radiološkoj, ultrazvučnoj i endoskopskoj slici i da se utvrdi koja su to najzastupljenija oboljenja ovog organa. U radu su prikazani rezultati šetomesečnih ispitivanja oboljenja želuca na psima različitih rasa i uzrasta. Ukupno je pregledano dvadeset jedinki i to: sedam nemačkih ovčara, četiri zlatna retrivera, tri rotvajlera, dva dobermana, dva velika šnaucera i dva mešanca. Opisani su slučajevi akutnog gastritisa, hroničnog ulceroznog gastritisa, stranog tela i tumora želuca

Morfološke, imunofenotipske i kliničke karakteristike limfocitno - plazmocitnog duodenitisa pasa

The most important morphological feature of the immune response in lymphocytic-plasmacytic duodenitis (LPD) in dogs is the presence of a mononuclear infiltrate in the duodenal mucosa. The ethiopatogenesis of this disease is still unknown, nor are known all the immunophenotypic characteristics of the infiltrate cells, which would be of help in the elucidation of the pathogenesis of LPD. The study involved 60 adult dogs of different breeds and both sexes: 54 dogs with symptoms of diarrhea and vomiting that lasted longer than three weeks and six clinically healthy dogs that served as controls. Hematological and biochemical analysis of blood, radiology, ultrasound and endoscopic diagnosis were carried out. Samples of duodenal mucosal biopta were examined by histopathological and immunohistochemical methods. During endoscopic examination, duodenal wall thickening, mucosal edema and hyperemia were observed in 46 dogs. Microscopic studies showed on the epithelial cells of the duodenum degenerative changes, and sometimes desquamation. Most of the intestinal crypts were dilated, irregularly shaped and filled with detritus. On immunohistochemical examination of samples of the duodenum in a number of dogs with LPD a predominant expression of CD3 + T lymphocytes was observed.Najvažnija morfološka karakteristika imunskog odgovora kod limfocitnoplazmocitnog duodenitisa (LPD) pasa je nalaz infiltrata mononuklearnih ćelija krvi u sluzokoži duodenuma. Do danas etiopatogeneza ove bolesti pasa nije u svemu poznata, a nisu poznate ni sve imunofenotipske karakteristike ćelija u infiltratu, koje bi bile značajne za razumevanje etiopatogeneze LPD. Ispitivanjem je bilo obuhvaćeno ukupno 60 odraslih pasa, različitih rasa i oba pola: 54 psa sa simptomima dijareje i povraćanja koje je trajalo duže od tri nedelje i šest klinički zdravih pasa koji su služili kao kontrola. Urađene su hematološke i biohemijske analize krvi, a zatim je sprovedena radiološka, ultrazvučna i endoskopska dijagnostika. Uzorci mukoze duodenuma, uzeti biopsijom, ispitani su histopatološkim i imunohistohemijskim metodama. Pri endoskopskom pregledu, kod 46 pasa je zapažen zadebljali zid duodenuma, hiperemičnost i edem sluznice. Mikroskopskim ispitivanjima, na epitelnim ćelijama duodenuma uočene su degenerativne promene, a nekada i deskvamacija. Većina crevnih kripti je bila dilatirana, nepravilnog oblika i ispunjena detritusom. Imunohistohemijskim ispitivanjem uzoraka duodenuma kod većine pasa sa LPD uočena je dominacija CD3+T limfocita

Aktuelna pitanja primene i razvoja turbozupčastih prenosnika snage na mobilnim radnim mašinama

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Ultrazvučni pregled abdomena pasa

Ultrazvučni pregled, poznat i kao ultrasonografija, je neinvaziv- na tehnika snimanja koja omogućava uočavanje unutrašnjih telesnih struktura beleženjem odjeka ili refleksije ultrazvučnih talasa. Za razli- ku od rendgenskih zraka koji su potencijalno opasni, ultrazvučni talasi se smatraju sigurnim. Svaki veterinar kliničar treba da bude svestan mogućnosti, ali i ograničenja ove dijagnostičke procedure. On mora da zna na koja pitanja ovaj vid pregleda može dati odgovore, ali i da bude svestan činjenice da negativan ultrazvučni nalaz ne isključuje uvek oboljenje. Najbitniji segment svakog ultrazvučnog pregleda je sistematičnost. Kod svakog pacijenta se treba držati istog redosleda pregleda organa. Ultrazvučni pregled abdomena psa obuhvata pre- gled hepatobilijarnog sistema, želuca, slezine, bubrega, nadbubrež- nih žlezdi, mokraćne bešike, genitalnih organa, creva, limfnih čvorova i krvnih sudova. Standardizovano, precizno i konkretno pisanje izve- štaja, nakon obavljenog ultrazvučnog pregleda, treba da bude velika pomoć veterinaru pri postavljanju dijagnoze ili planiranju sledećih di- jagnostičkih procedura