Correlation between knowledge, attitude and practice scores.

<p>All <i>P</i>-values are based on Fisher's R- to- Z transformation of correlation coefficients in highland and lowland categories.</p><p>r_s: Spearman rank correlation coefficients.</p><p>CI: Confidence intervals.</p

Sources of information on dengue fever.

<p>Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.</p

Multiple logistic regression analysis showing predictors of attitude and practice levels (good vs. poor).

<p>OR: Odds ratio.</p><p>aOR: Adjusted odds ratio.</p><p>CI: Confidence intervals.</p

Preventive measures against dengue fever (DF).

<p>All <i>P</i>-values are based on chi-square analysis of numbers in highland and lowland categories except those indicated by an asterisk (<b>*</b>) which are based on Fisher's exact test. Responses in bold font indicate correct answer.</p

Univariate logistic regression analysis showing predictors of knowledge, attitude and practice levels (good vs. poor).

<p>OR: Odds ratio.</p><p>CI: Confidence intervals.</p><p>NRS: Nepalese Rupees.</p

Knowledge on symptoms and signs of dengue fever (DF).

<p>All <i>P-</i>values are based on chi-square analysis of numbers in highland and lowland categories except those indicated by an asterisk (*) which are based on Fisher's exact test. Responses in bold font indicate correct answer.</p

Knowledge of dengue fever (DF) transmission.

<p>All <i>P-</i>values are based on chi-square analysis of numbers in highland and lowland categories except those indicated by an asterisk (*) which are based on Fisher's exact test. Responses in bold font indicate correct answer.</p

Key characteristics of study sites.

a<p>based on national population and housing census 2011.</p><p><b>*</b>Taken as proxy from district indicator of census data 2011.</p>#<p>Includes tap/piped water supply and tube-well/hand pump.</p><p>All <i>P</i>-values are based on chi-square analysis of numbers in each category.</p><p>NA means not available/applicable.</p

Attitudes towards dengue fever (DF).

<p>All <i>P</i>-values are based on chi-square analysis of numbers in highland and lowland categories except those indicated by an asterisk (<b>*</b>) which are based on Fisher's exact test. Responses in bold font indicate correct answer. DENV means dengue virus.</p><p>Note: None of the participants strongly disagreed with statements or questions in our study.</p

Alcohol Consumption Practices among Married Women of Reproductive Age in Nepal: A Population Based Household Survey

<div><p>Background</p><p>Alcohol chemically known as ethanol, causes several health, economic and social consequences across the world. Literatures suggest potential harm of alcohol drinking by pregnant women especially to the fetus and the mother. Despite anumber of significant public health problems related to alcohol consumption, this area has been ignored in Nepal and information at the national level is limited. Thus this study aimed at finding the prevalence of alcohol consumption among married women of reproductive age.</p><p>Methods</p><p>A nationally representative household survey was carried out from April to August 2013 by taking 16 districts across all 15 eco administrative regions. From the selected districts, 86 village development committees and 14 municipalities were selected as primary sampling units using probability proportionate to size, followed by random selection of 3 wards from each primary sampling unit. Finally, 30 households within each ward were selected using systematic random sampling, and one married women of reproductive age from each household. A total of 9000 married women of reproductive age were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire, on alcohol consumption practices including environmental factors and socio demographic characteristics and were included in the analysis.</p><p>Results</p><p>National prevalence of alcohol consumption ever among married women of reproductive age was 24.7% (95% CI:21.7–28.0), last 12 months 17.9% (95% CI:15.3–20.7) and last 30 days (current drinking) 11.8% (95% CI:9.8–14.1). There was substantial variation among the districts ranging from 2% to 60%. Multivariable analysis suggests women with no education or within formal education, dalit and janajatis ethnicity, whose husbands drink alcohol, who brew alcohol at home and women from mountains were significantly at higher risk of consuming alcohol. Among the women who drank alcohol in last 12 months, a substantial proportion of them drank home brewed alcoholic beverages (95.9%, 95% CI:94.3–97.4).</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Alcohol consumption was common practice among married women of reproductive age in Nepal with variation among the subgroups of population. Thus, further investigation and behavior change communication interventions to reduce alcohol consumption especially among the women with higher risk of drinking is essential.</p></div