Developments in synthesis, characterization, and application of large, high-quality CVD single crystal diamond

Single crystal diamond synthesis by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition at rapid growth rate has considerably advanced in the past few years. Developments have been made in growth, optical quality, and mechanical properties. Of the various types of single crystal diamond that can be produced using these techniques, high quality single crystal CVD diamond can be routinely produced, and this material is playing an increasing role in research on materials under extreme conditions. This article highlights recent developments in single crystal CVD diamond synthesis and characterization, as well as various applications in high-pressure materials research.За останні кілька роки синтез монокристалів алмазу мікрохвильовим плазмовим хімічним осадженням з газової фази з високою швидкістю значно просунувся. Прогрес було досягнуто у рості, оптичних і механічних властивостях. З різних типів монокристалічного алмазу, що можна отримати з використанням цього методу, регулярно виробляють високоякісні монокристалічні CVD-алмази, і цей матеріал відіграє все більш важливу роль при дослідженні матеріалів в екстремальних умовах. У даній роботі висвітлено останні досягнення в синтезі монокристалічного CVD-алмазу і дослідженні його характеристик, а також його різне застосування у дослідженні матеріалів при високому тиску.За последние несколько лет синтез монокристаллов алмаза микроволновым плазменным химическим осаждением из газовой фазы с высокой скоростью значительно продвинулся. Прогресс был достигнут в росте, оптических и механических свойствах. Из различных типов монокристаллического алмаза, которые могут быть получены с использованием этого метода, регулярно производят высококачественные монокристаллы CVD-алмаза, и этот материал играет все более важную роль в исследовании материалов в экстремальных условиях. В этой работе осветлены последние разработки в синтезе монокристаллов CVD-алмаза и исследовании его характерист

Laterally graded multilayer double-monochromator.

The authors describe a tunable multilayer monochromator with an adjustable bandpass to be used for reflectivity and grazing incidence diffraction studies on surfaces at energies near 10 keV. Multilayers have a bandpass typically 100 times larger than the Si(111) reflection, and by using multilayers an experimenter can significantly increase data collection rates over those available with a Si monochromator. The transmission through 1 and 2 laterally graded multilayer (LGML) reflections was recorded versus photon energy. The identical LGMLs were comprised of 60 bilayers of W and C on 100 x 25 x 3 mm float glass with a bilayer spacing varying from 35 to 60 {angstrom}. The average gradient was 0.27 {angstrom}/mm along the long dimension. The rms deviation of the data for the bilayer spacing from a linear fit was 0.36 {angstrom}. Data were obtained for a nondispersive ({+-}) double-multilayer arrangement. The relative bandpass width (FWHM) when the two multilayers exposed the same bilayer spacing was measured to be 2.2% with a transmission of 78.7 {+-} 1.6%. This value is consistent with the transmission of 88.9% that they also measured for a single LGML at HASYLAB beamline D4. The bandpass was tunable in the range 1.1% to 2.2%

Design of a miniature hydraulic compression load frame for microdiffraction tests at the Advanced Photon Source.

In support of the x-ray synchrotrons radiation multidiffraction project of Los Alamos National Laboratory at the Advanced Photon Source (APS), we have designed and fabricated a miniature hydraulic compression load frame with 20000 N load capacity for metal specimen tests at the APS. The compact design allows the load frame to sit on the center of a 6-circle goniometer with six degrees of freedom and maximum solid angle accessibility for the incoming x-ray beam and diffraction beam detectors. A set of compact precision stages with submicron resolution has been designed for the load frame positioning to compensate the sample internal elastic and/or plastic deformation during the loading process. The system design, specifications, and test results are presented

McCarter superfinish grinding for silicon -- an update.

A grinding technique, referred to as the McCarter Superfinish, for grinding large size optical components is discussed and certain surface characterization information about flatness and the relative magnitude of the subsurface damage in silicon substrates is reported. The flatness measurements were obtained with a Zygo surface analyzer, and the substrate damage measurements were made by x-ray diffraction and acid etching. Results indicate excellent control of flatness and fine surface finish. X-ray measurements show that the diamond wheels with small particle sizes used in the final phases of the grinding operation renders surfaces with relatively small subsurface damage

The FOOTPRINT software tools: pesticide risk assessment and management in the EU at different spatial scales.

Original paper can be found at: http://www.ask-eu.com/default.asp?Menue=149&AnbieterID=586 [Full text of this paper is not available in the UHRA]In the EU-project FOOTPRINT three pesticide risk assessment and management tools were developed, for use at different spatial scales. The three FOOTPRINT tools share the same underlying science, based on the consistent identification of environmental characteristics driving the fate of agriculturally applied pesticides and their interpretation to parameterise state of the art modelling applications thus providing an integrated solution to pesticide risk assessment and management in the EU