Prévalence de la maladie de la bronchite infectieuse aviaire au Maroc entre Juin 2018 et Avril 2019

Avian infectious bronchitis (IB) is mainly an upper respiratory tract infection caused by infectious bronchitisvirus (IBV) belonging to the Coronaviridae family. This work aims to assess the prevalence of IBV in different regions of Morocco using real-time RT-PCR, in order to better understand the epidemiological situation of the disease in these regions. Epidemiological analyses have shown that the IBV circulates with a high prevalence of 61% between 2018 and 2019, thus, the results obtained were valued and evaluated by a statistical study using the SPSS version 13 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). IB circulated with distinct prevalence’s in the different regions of Morocco, but this difference was not statistically significant. A peak of positivity was found in the BeniMellal-Khenifra, Draa-Tafilalet, and Souss-Massa regions. On the other hand, a very high vaccination rate against IB (90% of farms) in Morocco has been observed. Keywords: Avian infectious bronchitis, real-time RT-PCR, Prevalence, MoroccoLa bronchite infectieuse aviaire (BI) est principalement une infection des voies respiratoires supérieures causée par le virus de la bronchite infectieuse aviaire (IBV) appartenant à la famille des Coronaviridae. Le présent travail a pour objectif d’évaluer la prévalence de l’IBVdans sept différentes régions du Maroc en utilisant la RT-PCR en temps réel, afin de mieux connaitre la situation épidémiologique de la maladie dans ces régions. L’analyse épidémiologique a montré que l’IBV a circulé avec une forte prévalence de 61% entre 2018 et 2019, ainsi, les résultats obtenues ont été valorisées et évaluées par une étude statistique via la version 13 du logiciel SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). L’infection à l’IBV a circulé avec des prévalences distinctes dans les différentes régions du Maroc, mais cette différence n’était pas statistiquement significative. Un pic de positivité a été mis en évidence dans les régions BeniMellal-Khenifra, Draa-Tafilalet, et Souss-Massa. D’autre part, un taux de vaccination très élevé contre la BI (90% des élevages) au Maroc a été constaté. Mots clés: Bronchite infectieuse aviaire, RT-PCR en temps réel, Prévalence, Maro

Le stockage de l'énergie solaire par le système norbornadiène-quadricyclane

Doctorat en sciences chimiques -- UCL, 199

Photodéchlorations réductrices sensibilisées par l'anion 2-naphtolate et d'autres sensibilisateurs: étude mécanistique

Doctorat en sciences chimiques -- UCL, 199

Evaluation of X factor in the Islamic Revolution of Iran: Based on the Theory of Chalmers Johnson

The main purpose of this article is to understand and evaluate the article “Iran: Red and Black Colonialism” as the X factor in the process of Islamic Revolution of Iran. The main question in this article is: How this article has acted as the X factor in the Islamic revolution of Iran, and what characteristics it had? The theoretical framework of this article is derived from Chalmers Johnson. The findings of this article show that the paper played the role of the X factor in Islamic revolution of Iran and this factor has been caused serial 40th memorandums at the beginning of the Islamic revolution in Iran. The method of this research is historical and the method of gathering information is documentary- library method

Effects of tryptophan and probiotic supplementation on growth and behavior in quail

International audienceIn laying hens, a diet supplemented with tryptophan (Trp) has been shown to affect their pecking behavior. However, unlike this positive effect, Trp is also involved in negative effects on behavior and stress through indolic pathways. Indole production can be reduced by probiotics (Pro), thus we hypothesized that Pro may prevent negative effects of Trp and increase beneficial effects on behavior in birds. Combined effects of Pro and Trp were also expected. To investigate the effects on behavior in birds of supplementing with a high level of Trp with or without Pro, Japanese quail were used because their behavior can be influenced by Pediococcus acidilactici, and they can be highly aggressive. Quails (n = 120) were assigned to 4 groups in a 2 x 2 factorial design for 55 d: C-C (control diet with usual Trp level, 0.3%; without Pro; n = 30), Trp-C (Trp: 2%; without Pro; n = 30), C-Pro (control diet; with Pro: 1 x 109 CFU/L P. acidilactici in drinking water; n=30), and Trp-Pro (Trp 2%; with Pro; n = 30). Body weight was measured every week, and different tests were conducted to investigate behavioral characteristics of each quail. Contrary to our hypothesis, there was almost no interaction between Trp and Pro treatments. Tryptophan supplementation significantly (P 0.05). The birds fed the high Trp diet spent significantly less time in the periphery of the open field than those fed the control diet and moved less in the arena during the social isolation test. Interindividual distances were significantly lower in males fed with Trp 2% than with the control diet, whereas Trp and Pro supplements interacted in females. The treatments did not affect sexual motivation in males. These results indicate that a high level of Trp reduced growth and appeared to enhance emotional reactivity in quails and that supplementing with Pro did not reduce these effects. In conclusion, feeding high Trp for 55 d cannot be recommended as a strategy to improve social behavior unlike effects observed in laying hens

Absence of Gut Microbiota Reduces Emotional Reactivity in Japanese Quails (Coturnix japonica)

Background: Recent studies have demonstrated an effect of the gut microbiota on brain development and behavior leading to the concept of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. However, its effect on behavior in birds is unknown. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of the absence of gut microbiota on emotional reactivity in birds by comparing germ-free (GF) quails to those colonized (COL) with gut microbiota.Material and Methods: From hatching, the quails of both groups GF (n = 36) and COL (n = 36) were reared in sterile isolators. The COL quails were colonized at day 2 by introducing a pool of droppings from conventional adult females into the drinking water and feed. The quails were weighed individually on day 2, 6, and 14. From day 8, emotional reactivity was assessed in each group in the isolators through several behavioral tests.Results: GF quails showed a considerable decrease in emotional reactivity demonstrated by spending less time in tonic immobility during the tonic immobility test (242 s ± 31 vs. 331 s ± 32, p ≤ 0.05), traveling a shorter distance (3,897 cm ± 242 vs. 4,827 cm ± 278, p ≤ 0.05) at a lower velocity (6.55 cm/s ± 0.4 vs. 8.1 cm/s ± 0.5, p ≤ 0.05) during the social separation test and spending more time near an object at the beginning of the novel object test (33.7 s ± 6.4 vs. 18.5 s ± 4.1, p ≤ 0.05). No difference in growth was found between the 2 groups.Conclusion: For the first time, this study demonstrates that the absence of gut microbiota reduces emotional reactivity in Japanese quails in situations of fear and social perturbation without influence on growth

Effects of gut microbiota transfer on emotional reactivity in Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica)

International audienceThe interaction between the gut microbiota (GM) and the brain has led to the concept of the microbiota-gut-brain axis but data in birds remain scarce. We tested the hypothesis that colonization of germ-free chicks from a quail line selected for a high emotional reactivity (E+) with GM from a line with low emotional reactivity (E-) would reduce their emotional behaviour in comparison with germ-free chicks from E+ line colonized with GM from the same E+ line. The GM composition analysis of both groups revealed a shift in term of microbial diversity and richness between Day 21 and Day 35 and the GM of the two groups of quails were closer to each other at Day 35 than at Day 21 at a phylum level. Quails that received GM from the E- line expressed a lower emotional reactivity than the quails colonized by GM from the E+line in the tonic immobility and the novel environment tests proceeded during the second week of age. This result was reversed in a second tonic immobility test and an open-field run two weeks later. These behavioural and GM modifications over time could be the consequence of the resilience of the GM to recover its equilibrium present in the E+ host, which is in part driven by the host genotype. This study shows for the first time that a gut microbiota transfer can influence emotional reactivity in Japanese quails strengthening the existence of a microbiota-gut-brain axis in this species of bird

Influence of the microbiota-gut-brain axis on behavior and welfare in farm animals: a review

There is increasing evidence of a pivotal role of the gut microbiota (GUT-M) in key physiological functions in vertebrates. Many studies discuss functional implications of the GUT-M not only on immunity, growth, metabolism, but also on brain development and behavior. However, while the influence of the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) on behavior is documented in rodents and humans, data on farm animals are scarce. This review will first report the well-known influence of the MGBA on behavior in rodent and human and then describe its influence on emotion, memory, social and feeding behaviors in farm animals. This corpus of experiments suggests that a better understanding of the effects of the MGBA on behavior could have large implications in various fields of animal production. Specifically, animal welfare and health could be improved by selection, nutrition and management processes that take into account the role of the GUT-M in behavior