Dealing with polysemy in the Polish sign language using the OWL ontology

A common problem of natural language processing is synonymy, polysemy, and homonymy. In the paper, we propose to deal with polysemy in the Polish sign language using the knowledge included in the OWL2 ontology created for this purpose. The proposed approach aids the translation process of the Polish sign language into the Polish language by selection from the possible phrases, only those, with the reasonable meaning

Serum concentration of selected biochemical markers of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in patients with the varying activity of inflammatory bowel disease

Introduction Endothelial dysfunction leads to an increased expression of cell adhesion molecules, leukocyte diapedesis, vascular smooth‑muscle tone, excessive permeability of vascular walls, and increased procoagulant activity. Objectives We investigated whether serum levels of several endothelial and platelet activation markers correlated with disease activity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Patients and methods This study included 56 patients with ulcerative colitis, 66 with Crohn disease, and 40 healthy controls. We measured the complete blood count and levels of fibrinogen, C‑reactive protein, albumin, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor α, E‑selectin, P‑selectin, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP‑1), soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L), and microparticles. Results There were no significant differences in the median levels of E‑selectin, P‑selectin, MCP‑1, sCD40L, and microparticles between patients with active IBD, those with inactive IBD, and healthy controls. The clinical disease activity assessed with the Mayo scale in the ulcerative‑colitis group was weakly, positively correlated with sCD40L (R = 0.32, P = 0.02), P‑selectin (R = 0.32, P = 0.02), and inflammatory marker levels. The clinical disease activity index in the Crohn disease group was positively correlated with the markers of inflammation yet not with the markers of endothelial activity. Conclusions E‑selectin, P‑selectin, sCD40L, MCP‑1, and microparticle levels do not significantly differ between patients with the varying activity of IBD. However, due to the observed correlations, further studies of a larger patient group should be conducted to confirm our observations

Non-surgical methods for the correction of the hump and the tip of the nose

Introduction: It can be said that the nose is the most characteristic element of every face. It occupies one third of the middle part of the face. For this reason, it is very important in creating face profile. In addition, its distortions are important due to the aesthetic appearance of the face, which in turn can significantly affect the personal and professional life of a person. In aesthetic medicine, mainly non-surgical methods of correction of the hump and the tip of the nose are preferred. For this purpose, special substances called hyaluronic acid and botulinum toxin are used. Aim of the study: The aim of this study is to present non-surgical methods of correction of the hump and the tip of the nose. Materials and methods: The research method is an analysis of the literature on the subject of contemporary trends in aesthetic medicine. Conclusions: In conclusion, it should be stated that the use of hyaluronic acid or botulinum toxin allows you to quickly achieve the effect without having to undergo a complicated surgery. In addition, these are solutions with a much lower risk than in the case of surgical methods. Key words: nose, hyaluronic acid, botulinum toxi

Determining peak altitude on maps, books and cartographic materials : multidisciplinary implications

Mountain peaks and their altitude have been of interest to researchers across disciplines. Measurement methods and techniques have changed and developed over the years, leading to more accurate measurements and, consequently, more accurate determination of peak altitudes. This research transpired due to the frequency of misstatements found in existing sources including books, maps, guidebooks and the Internet. Such inaccuracies have the potential to create controversy, especially among peak‐baggers in pursuit of climbing the highest summits. The Polish Sudetes Mountains were selected for this study; 24 summits in the 14 mesoregions were measured. Measurements were obtained employing the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and light detection and ranging (LiDAR), both modern and highly precise techniques. Moreover, to determine the accuracy of measurements, several of the summits were measured using a mobile phone as an additional method. We compare GNSS vs. LiDAR and verify the level of confidence of peak heights obtained by automatic methods from LiDAR data alone. The GNSS receiver results showed a discrepancy of approximately 10 m compared with other information sources examined. Findings indicate that the heights of peaks presented in cartographic materials are inaccurate, especially in lesser‐known mountain ranges. Furthermore, among all the mountain ranges examined, the results demonstrated that five of the summits were no longer classed as the highest, potentially impacting tourist percep-tions and subsequent visitation. Overall, due to the topographical relief characteristics and varying vegetation cover of mountains, we argue that the re‐measuring procedure should comprise two steps: (1) develop high‐resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) based on LiDAR; (2) assumed heights should be measured using precise GNSS receivers. Unfortunately, due to the time constraints and the prohibitive costs of GNSS, LiDAR continues to be the most common source of new altitude data

Current trends in Anterior Cruciate Ligament reconstructions

The rupture of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) is a common complication of knee trauma. Arthroscopic ACL reconstructive surgery is the method of choice in most of these cases. This is an increasingly common procedure due to low invasiveness, good treatment results and a constantly growing number of operators able to perform them. The aim of the study is to review currently used methods for the reconstruction of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament. There are many types of transplants, and the choice depends on individual factors (including gender, age, occupation, physical activity) and the patient's expectations. The operator's skills and preferences also determine the choice of therapy. Considering the above-mentioned aspects, authors of the study will analyze ACL reconstruction methods based on the latest literature. Currently, the basic treatment of ACL injuries are arthroscopic procedures. Due to the various types of transplants, the procedure, result and complications may vary depending on the choice. An autograft is the preferred treatment for this injury. Autografts that are prefered are the ligaments of the semitendinosus muscle and the patellar tendon. Less frequently used autografts include ligaments of the quadriceps muscle of the thigh and gastrocnemius muscle (Achilles tendon). Another type of transplant is an allograft. The graft is taken from a donor (a deceased donor in cases of ligament transplants). It is less frequently used due to its high cost, lower strength compared to an autograft and a greater number of complications. The third type of transplants are synthetic grafts. These are fibers made of materials such as Gore-Tex. Synthetic grafts are also rarely used for the same reasons as allografts. Internal Bracing (IB) is becoming a more popular procedure. This method allows you to re-attach broken ligaments in their original position. This is possible if only one end of the ligament is broken. An important issue is the number of bundles (single-bundle, double-bundle), the position and the type of attachment (titanium screws, absorbable, endobutton). The final choice of the treatment method depends on the operator's skills and preferences

Coronary arteries anomalies (CAA) as a cause of a sudden cardiac death (SCD) among young athletes - review

Introduction and objective Congenital coronary arteries anomalies (CAA) are one of the most common causes of a sudden cardiac death (SCD) among young athletes. CAA are serious diagnostic and clinical issue because in many patients there are no characteristic clinical symptoms and commonly used tests are not enough to reveal many types of anatomical abnormalities. Authors of this review would like to present current state of knowledge of CAA and their diagnostics, as well as recommendations for proceeding in patients with diagnosed CAA to prevent SCD. Abbreviated description of the state of knowledge According to statistics CAA are rare congenital heart defects however they are associated with a more frequent occurrence of SCD. The mechanism of this phenomenon has not been fully explained but there are several hypotheses. The most important of which concerns the dimension of the angle of branch of the coronary artery from the sinus of Valsalva. Numerous clinical studies on SCD pay attention to the occurrence of asymptomatic CAA as the main cause of SCD right after hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Among strategies of proceeding recommended after the diagnosis of CAA, there are pharmacological and surgical treatment, however it hasn't been established which of them is the best for young athletes. Summary One of the most important things to prevent SCD in the course of CAA seems to be creating universal guidelines for early diagnosis and treatment of this congenital defect. Widespread learning first aid and increasing availability of automatic external defibrillators (AED) are also important. SCD of a young athlete is a tragedy not only for the family but also for the whole sporting environment, that is why it is in the public interest to find an answer to the question how we can prevent that cases in the future

Energy Policy of the European Union

This thesis is an analysis of the energy policy of the European Union. It shows the various stages of evolution of this policy since the foundation of the European Coal and Steel Community until 2010. Key elements of current EU energy policy to which are: energy security, sustainable development with respect for the environment and internal energy market functioning under principles of economic competition, were characterized. The thesis describes also the energy potential of the EU and the problems connected with the growing demand for energy and dependence on energy supplies from third countries.Niniejsza praca magisterska jest analizą prowadzonej przez Unię Europejską polityki energetycznej. Przedstawia poszczególne etapy jej ewolucji od momentu powstania Europejskiej Wspólnoty Węgla i Stali aż po rok 2010. Charakteryzuje także kluczowe elementy obecnej unijnej polityki energetycznej, do jakich należą: bezpieczeństwo energetyczne, zrównoważony rozwój z poszanowaniem środowiska naturalnego oraz stworzenie wewnętrznego rynku energii, funkcjonującego w oparciu o zasady konkurencji gospodarczej. Opisuje potencjał energetyczny UE i problematykę związaną z rosnącym zapotrzebowaniem na energię i uzależnieniem od dostaw surowców energetycznych z państw trzecich. Praca prezentuje także dorobek prawny Unii oraz orzeczenia Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej dotyczące sektora energetycznego. W sposób dość szczegółowy opisuje regulacje unijnych aktów prawa pochodnego oraz pierwotnego, odnoszące się do kwestii liberalizacji rynków energii elektrycznej i gazu w państwach członkowskich

Taxation system of income earned by associates of partnerships

Niniejsza praca magisterska przedstawia zarys systemu opodatkowania dochodów wspólników spółek osobowych prawa handlowego. W pierwszej kolejności należy zauważyć, że handlowe spółki osobowe, za wyjątkiem spółki komandytowo-akcyjnej, nie są objęte zakresem podmiotowym podatków dochodowych w Polsce. Są one bowiem transparentne podatkowo, co oznacza iż dla celów podatków dochodowych status podatników posiadają ich wspólnicy. Dochód wypracowany przez spółkę osobową podlega opodatkowaniu wyłącznie w strefie wspólników, w zależności od ich formy prawnej, podatkiem dochodowym od osób fizycznych albo podatkiem dochodowym od osób prawnych. Sytuacja ta sprawia, że prowadzenie działalności gospodarczej przy wykorzystaniu spółek niebędących osobami prawnymi stanowi interesującą alternatywę w stosunku do spółek kapitałowych, które nie są przejrzyste podatkowo i wygenerowany przez nie dochód jest opodatkowany dwukrotnie. W niniejszej pracy magisterskiej uwzględniono nowelizację przepisów prawa podatkowego, na mocy której z dniem 1 stycznia 2014 r. spółki komandytowo-akcyjne objęte zostały zakresem podmiotowym podatku dochodowego od osób prawnych. Przybliżone zostały nowe zasady opodatkowania dochodów osiąganych przez te jednostki organizacyjne i ich wspólników. Niniejsza praca magisterska składa się z pięciu rozdziałów. W rozdziale pierwszym dokonano charakterystyki poszczególnych typów spółek osobowych prawa handlowego w oparciu o przepisy kodeksu spółek handlowych. Tematyka rozdziałów drugiego i trzeciego poświęcona została konstrukcji prawnej podatku dochodowego od osób fizycznych oraz podatku dochodowego od osób prawnych. Rozdział czwarty dotyczy podmiotowości podatkowej handlowych spółek osobowych, a także przedstawia konsekwencje podatkowe związane z utworzeniem oraz rozwiązaniem spółki osobowej. W rozdziale piątym omówiono podatkowe aspekty bieżącej działalności spółek osobowych prawa handlowego. Scharakteryzowano ponadto formy opodatkowania dochodów (przychodów) wspólników tych jednostek organizacyjnych.The thesis describes taxation system of income earned by associates of partnerships. It should firstly be noted that partnerships, except a limited joint-stock company, are transparent for tax purposes which means that they are not subject to income taxes in Poland. Their partners are taxed on their shares of partnership income. Because of this system partnerships are an interesting alternative to limited liability companies which are not transparent for tax purposes and the income earned by them is taxed twice. The thesis includes an amendment of Corporate Income Tax Act under which limited joint-stock partnerships have become subject to corporate income tax. The thesis consists of five chapters. General characteristic of partnerships contained in Code of commercial companies was made in the first chapter. The second and third chapters describe the legal structures of personal income tax and corporate income tax. The fourth chapter concerns the tax subjectivity of partnerships and provides an overview of tax implications related to creation and termination of partnerships. Tax aspects of ongoing activity of partnerships are the issue of the last chapter

Relation of moral foundations, social domination orientation and high sensitivity to the political leaning

Badanie obejmowało problematykę różnic w obszarze moralności w zależności od poglądów politycznych w kontekście Teorii Fundamentów Moralnych (Graham, Haidt i in., 2013). Wyższe przywiązanie do Troski i Sprawiedliwości (fundamentów indywidualistycznych) okazało się korelować z lewicowością, a wyższe przywiązanie do Lojalności, Autorytaryzmu i Świętości (fundamentów wiążących) z prawicowością. Zastosowanie własnego wielowymiarowego narzędzia mierzącego niezależnie poglądy systemowe (Skala Kolektywizmu) oraz poglądy obyczajowe (Skale Progresywizmu i Tolerancji) nakreśliło szczególnie silne związki poglądów systemowych z fundamentem Sprawiedliwości, natomiast poglądów obyczajowych z fundamentami wiążącymi. Pozwoliło także wyodrębnić cztery grupy polityczne o specyficznych, istotnie różnych od siebie, osobowościach moralnych: skupionej na indywidualności Lewicy, skupionej na kontekstach grupowych Prawicy, mało wrażliwych moralnie Liberałów oraz wysoko wrażliwych na wszystkie fundamenty Konserwatywnych Solidarystów. Skale fundamentów moralnych oraz poglądów politycznych zostały zestawione również z orientacją na dominację społeczną (SDO) (Pratto, Sidanius, 2005) i wysoką wrażliwością sensoryczno-procesualną (HSP) (Aron, Aron, 1997). Uzyskane wyniki wykazały związek SDO z prawicowością (pozytywny) oraz wszystkimi fundamentami moralnymi (negatywny z Troską i Sprawiedliwością oraz pozytywny z fundamentami wiążącymi). Tymczasem HSP okazało się mieć pozytywny związek z lewicowością oraz fundamentami Troski i Sprawiedliwości.Research concerned a problem of moral diversity along political spectrum within the context of Moral Foundations Theory (Graham, Haidt et al., 2013). Higher relevance of Harm/Care and Fairness/Reciprocity (individualizing foundations) tended to correlate with left wing leaning, while higher relevance of Ingroup/Loyalty, Authority/Respect, and Purity/Sanctity (binding foundations) correlated with right wing leaning. Use of self-developed multi-dimensional tool for independent measure of economic politics views (Collectivism scale) and social politics views (Tolerance and Progressivism scales) suggested notably strong relations between economic views and Fairness foundation, and between social views and binding foundations. It also allowed to identify four political groups having significantly differing moral personalities: The Left focused of individuality, The Right focused on group contexts, Liberals/Libertarians with generally weak moral responsiveness and Conservative Solidarists highly responsive to all foundations. Moral foundations and political scales were compared to social domination orientation (SDO) (Pratto, Sidanius, 2005) and high sensory-processing sensitivity (HSP) (Aron, Aron, 1997). The results proved the relation between SDO and right wing leaning (positive), and between SDO and all moral foundations (negative with individualizing foundations and positive with binding foundations). HSP turned out to relate positively with left wing leaning and individualizing foundations