БАЗА ДАННЫХ АКТИВНЫХ РАЗЛОМОВ ЕВРАЗИИ

This paper describes the technique used to create and maintain the Active Faults of Eurasia Database (AFED) based on the uniform format that ensures integrating the materials accumulated by many researchers, inclu­ding the authors of the AFED. The AFED includes the data on more than 20 thousand objects: faults, fault zones and associated structural forms that show the signs of latest displacements in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. The geographical coordinates are given for each object. The AFED scale is 1:500000; the demonstration scale is 1:1000000. For each object, the AFED shows two kinds of characteristics: justification attributes, and estimated attributes. The justification attributes inform the AFED user about an object: the object’s name; morphology; kinematics; the amplitudes of displacement for different periods of time; displacement rates estimated from the amplitudes; the age of the latest recorded signs of activity, seismicity and paleoseismicity; the relationship of the given objects with the parameters of crustal earthquakes; etc. The sources of information are listed in the AFED appendix. The estimated attributes are represented by the system of indices reflecting the fault kinematics according to the classification of the faults by types, as accepted in structural geology, and includes three ranks of the Late Quaternary movements and four degrees of reliability of identifying the structures as active ones. With reference to the indices, the objects can be compared with each other, considering any of the attributes, or with any other digitized information. The comparison can be performed by any GIS software. The AFED is an efficient tool for obtaining the information on the faults and solving general problems, such as thematic mapping, determining the parameters of modern geodynamic processes, estima­ting seismic and other geodynamic hazards, identifying the tectonic development trends in the Pliocene–Quaternary stage of the Earth's development, etc. The Active Faults of Eurasia Database is created in the format providing for inputs of new information, as well the database updating and revision.Представляется методика создания и содержание новой базы данных об активных разломах Евразии (БД), интегрировавшей в едином формате материал, накопленный к настоящему времени многими исследователями, включая авторов БД. Она вмещает более 20 тыс. географически привязанных объектов – разломов, зон разломов и связанных с ними структурных форм с признаками последних перемещений в позднем плейстоцене и голоцене. Масштаб, в котором составлена БД, – 1:500000, а базовый демонстрационный масштаб – 1:1000000. Каждый объект БД снабжен двумя видами характеристик (атрибутов) – обосновывающими и оценочными. Обосновывающие атрибуты содержат сведения об объектах – их названия, данные о морфологии и кинематике, амплитуды смещений за разные отрезки времени, рассчитанные по ним скорости движений, возраст последних зафиксированных признаков активности, проявления сейсмичности и палео­сейсмичности, соотношения объектов с параметрами коровых землетрясений и другие характеристики, а также сведения об источниках информации, список которых приложен к БД. Оценочные атрибуты – это система индексов, отражающих кинематику разломов согласно принятой в структурной геологии типизации, ранг скорости позднечетвертичных движений (три градации) и степень достоверности выделения структуры как активной (четыре градации). Индексы позволяют сопоставлять объекты по любому из атрибутов компьютерным способом между собой и с любыми другими видами оцифрованной информации с помощью любой ГИС-программы. Таким образом, БД дает возможность для получения сведений о разломах и решения более общих задач – тематического картографирования, определения параметров современных геодинамических процессов, оценки сейсмической и других геодинамических опасностей, тенденций тектонического развития на последнем, плиоцен-четвертичном, этапе развития Земли. Формат построения БД допускает ее постоянное пополнение и коррекцию с появлением новых сведений.

Использование базы данных активных разломов Евразии при решении тектонических задач

The article describes principles, methods and tasks of tectonic studies using computer processing of the Active Faults of Eurasia Database. This new database contains more than 30000 objects that are geographically linked, equipped with attributes of the kinematic type, estimated movement rates and activity confidence ranks. As an exam‐ ple, we consider processing of the data on several tectonic regions of the Alpine‐Himalayan mobile belt and construction of rose‐diagrams of faults for a comparative analysis of their Late Cenozoic kinematics. The processed data set also covered the Caucasus‐Anatolian region and the entire central part of the mobile belt, and fields of shortening/lengthening and shearing were mapped to assess the patterns of these processes in different areas and to determine the characteristics of the tectonic flow of the upper crust material. Prospects are discussed for the database processing with the use of all the available attributive information for structural‐kinematic and geodynamic analysis, including processing of the database in combination with independent remote and geophysical data.Описываются принципы, методики и задачи тектонических исследований с применением ком‐ пьютерной обработки новой базы данных активных разломов Евразии, содержащей более 30000 географиче‐ ски привязанных объектов, снабженных атрибутами кинематического типа, оценками скоростей движения и достоверности активности. В качестве примеров рассмотрена обработка отдельных тектонических областей Альпийско‐Гималайского подвижного пояса с построением роза‐диаграмм разломов для сравнительного анализа их позднекайнозойской кинематики. Также проведена обработка Кавказско‐Анатолийского региона и всей центральной части подвижного пояса с построением карт полей деформаций сокращения – удлинения и сдвига для оценки их распределения в разных областях и выяснения характеристик тектонического тече‐ ния верхнекоровых масс. Обсуждаются перспективы обработки базы данных с использованием всего ком‐ плекса содержащейся в ней атрибутивной информации для структурно‐кинематического и геодинамическо‐ го анализа, в том числе обработки базы данных совместно с независимыми дистанционными и геофизиче‐ скими материалами

Composition, crystallization conditions and genesis of sulfide-saturated parental melts of olivine-phyric rocks from Kamchatsky Mys (Kamchatka, Russia)

Highlights • Parental melts of sulfide-bearing KM rocks have near primary MORB-like composition. • Crystallization of these S-saturated melts occurred in near-surface conditions. • Extensive fractionation and crustal assimilation are not the causes of S-saturation. • S content in melts can be restored by accounting for daughter sulfide globules. Abstract Sulfide liquids that immiscibly separate from silicate melts in different magmatic processes accumulate chalcophile metals and may represent important sources of the metals in Earth's crust for the formation of ore deposits. Sulfide phases commonly found in some primitive mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) may support the occurrence of sulfide immiscibility in the crust without requiring magma contamination and/or extensive fractionation. However, the records of incipient sulfide melts in equilibrium with primitive high-Mg olivine and Cr-spinel are scarce. Sulfide globules in olivine phenocrysts in picritic rocks of MORB-affinity at Kamchatsky Mys (Eastern Kamchatka, Russia) represent a well-documented example of natural immiscibility in primitive oceanic magmas. Our study examines the conditions of silicate-sulfide immiscibility in these magmas by reporting high precision data on the compositions of Cr-spinel and silicate melt inclusions, hosted in Mg-rich olivine (86.9–90 mol% Fo), which also contain globules of magmatic sulfide melt. Major and trace element contents of reconstructed parental silicate melts, redox conditions (ΔQFM = +0.1 ± 0.16 (1σ) log. units) and crystallization temperature (1200–1285 °C), as well as mantle potential temperatures (~1350 °C), correspond to typical MORB values. We show that nearly 50% of sulfur could be captured in daughter sulfide globules even in reheated melt inclusions, which could lead to a significant underestimation of sulfur content in reconstructed silicate melts. The saturation of these melts in sulfur appears to be unrelated to the effects of melt crystallization and crustal assimilation, so we discuss the reasons for the S variations in reconstructed melts and the influence of pressure and other parameters on the SCSS (Sulfur Content at Sulfide Saturation)

THE ACTIVE FAULTS OF EURASIA DATABASE

This paper describes the technique used to create and maintain the Active Faults of Eurasia Database (AFED) based on the uniform format that ensures integrating the materials accumulated by many researchers, inclu­ding the authors of the AFED. The AFED includes the data on more than 20 thousand objects: faults, fault zones and associated structural forms that show the signs of latest displacements in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. The geographical coordinates are given for each object. The AFED scale is 1:500000; the demonstration scale is 1:1000000. For each object, the AFED shows two kinds of characteristics: justification attributes, and estimated attributes. The justification attributes inform the AFED user about an object: the object’s name; morphology; kinematics; the amplitudes of displacement for different periods of time; displacement rates estimated from the amplitudes; the age of the latest recorded signs of activity, seismicity and paleoseismicity; the relationship of the given objects with the parameters of crustal earthquakes; etc. The sources of information are listed in the AFED appendix. The estimated attributes are represented by the system of indices reflecting the fault kinematics according to the classification of the faults by types, as accepted in structural geology, and includes three ranks of the Late Quaternary movements and four degrees of reliability of identifying the structures as active ones. With reference to the indices, the objects can be compared with each other, considering any of the attributes, or with any other digitized information. The comparison can be performed by any GIS software. The AFED is an efficient tool for obtaining the information on the faults and solving general problems, such as thematic mapping, determining the parameters of modern geodynamic processes, estima­ting seismic and other geodynamic hazards, identifying the tectonic development trends in the Pliocene–Quaternary stage of the Earth's development, etc. The Active Faults of Eurasia Database is created in the format providing for inputs of new information, as well the database updating and revision

Active tectonics and geomorphology of the Kamchatsky Bay coast in Kamchatka

Kamchatsky Bay is the northernmost bay at the Pacific Kamchatka coast. It is located at the junction between the Kamchatka segment of the Pacific subduction zone and the dextral transform fault of the western Aleutians. The combination of the subduction and collision processes in this region results in the unique set of tectonic controls influencing its geological and geomorphological evolution. The Kamchatka River estuarine area is located on the northern coast of Kamchatsky Bay. The modern Kamchatka River valley, its estuary, and an aggradation marine terrace some 30 km long and up to 5 km wide were formed in this area during the Holocene. A vast area in the rear part of the terrace and in the Stolbovskaya lowlands is now occupied by the peats deposited directly above lacustrine-lagoonal and fluvial facies. These aggradational landforms record traces of tsunamis and vertical coseismic deformations associated with great subduction earthquakes, as well as strike-slip and thrust faulting associated with the collision. The results indicate that the average recurrence interval for major tsunamis in the Kamchatsky Bay is 300 years. The recurrence interval on individual fault zones associated with the collision between the western Aleutian and Kamchatka arcs is a few thousand years for earthquakes of magnitude between 7 and 7.5. For the entire region, the recurrence interval for major crustal earthquakes associated with motions along faults may be equal to a few hundred years, which is comparable with that for subduction-zone earthquakes

Using the Active Faults of Eurasia Database for solving tectonic problems

The article describes principles, methods and tasks of tectonic studies using computer processing of the Active Faults of Eurasia Database. This new database contains more than 30000 objects that are geographically linked, equipped with attributes of the kinematic type, estimated movement rates and activity confidence ranks. As an exam‐ ple, we consider processing of the data on several tectonic regions of the Alpine‐Himalayan mobile belt and construction of rose‐diagrams of faults for a comparative analysis of their Late Cenozoic kinematics. The processed data set also covered the Caucasus‐Anatolian region and the entire central part of the mobile belt, and fields of shortening/lengthening and shearing were mapped to assess the patterns of these processes in different areas and to determine the characteristics of the tectonic flow of the upper crust material. Prospects are discussed for the database processing with the use of all the available attributive information for structural‐kinematic and geodynamic analysis, including processing of the database in combination with independent remote and geophysical data

Resources to matrix control of mental activity in information environments

The analysis of information resources to influence mass consciousness and personality behavior is rather topical in social sciences as media tends to control the public sphere for political purposes. This article aims to research resources to control mental activity that is connected with framing communication techniques analysis, particularly identifying matrix techniques to manipulate the subject’s cognitive orientation in the communication field. It has been emphasized that orientation in the network social sphere is realized in hierarchically organized information.El análisis de los recursos de información para influir en la conciencia de masas y el comportamiento de la personalidad es bastante tópico en las ciencias sociales, ya que los medios tienden a controlar la esfera pública con fines políticos. Este artículo tiene como objetivo investigar recursos para controlar la actividad mental que están conectados con el análisis de las técnicas de comunicación enmarcada, en particular identificando las técnicas de matriz para manipular la orientación cognitiva del sujeto en el campo de la comunicación. Se ha enfatizado que la orientación en la esfera social de la red se realiza en información organizada jerárquicamente

Rate of collisional deformation in Kamchatsky Peninsula, Kamchatka

Detailed data are discussed on the rate of Holocene horizontal and vertical movements along a fault in the southeastern Kamchatsky Peninsula, which is situated between the converging Aleutian and Kamchatka island arcs. The fault is the northern boundary of the block invading into the peninsula under pressure of the Komandorsky Block of the Aleutian arc. The rate of right-lateral slip along the fault was increasing in the Holocene and reached 18–19 mm/yr over the last 2000 years and 20 mm/yr by contemporary time. Comparison of these estimates with those that follow from offsets of older rocks also indicates acceleration of horizontal movements along the fault from the early Quaternary to the present. The results obtained from rates of GPS station migration show that about half the rate of the northwestern drift of the Komandorsky Block is consumed for movement of the block of the southern side of the fault. The remainder of movement of the Komandorsky Block is consumed for movements (probably, underthrusting) at the eastern continental slope of the Kamchatsky Peninsula

Microstructure and Properties of an Electrocontact Cu–(ZnO/TiO2) Material

Текст статьи не публикуется в открытом доступе в соответствии с политикой журнала.Abstract—A copper-based electrical-contact composite material hardened by disperse zinc oxide and zinc titanate is studied by electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray macroanalysis. The distribution of oxide phases in the samples containing 2.5 wt % oxide nanopowder mixture in an initial charge is found to be uniform. An increase in the amount of oxides leads to an increase in their sized in sintering. A relation between the sample wear and the sample composition is obtained during laboratory tests. It is shown that the introduction of more than 2.5 wt % oxide mixture results in intense wear of the working surface of the sample and an increase in the running-in period of contacts