Lagrangian formalism and the intrinsic geometry of PDEs

A notion of internal Lagrangian for a system of differential equations is introduced. A spectral sequence related to internal Lagrangians is obtained. A connection between internal Lagrangians and presymplectic structures is investigated. An interpretation of the term $E^{3,\, n-2}_2$ of Vinogradov's $\mathcal{C}$-spectral sequence is given for irreducible gauge theories.Comment: 15 page

Force Mobilization and Generalized Isostaticity in Jammed Packings of Frictional Grains

We show that in slowly generated 2d packings of frictional spheres, a significant fraction of the friction forces lies at the Coulomb threshold - for small pressure p and friction coefficient mu, about half of the contacts. Interpreting these contacts as constrained leads to a generalized concept of isostaticity, which relates the maximal fraction of fully mobilized contacts and contact number. For p->0, our frictional packings approximately satisfy this relation over the full range of mu. This is in agreement with a previous conjecture that gently built packings should be marginal solids at jamming. In addition, the contact numbers and packing densities scale with both p and mu.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, submitte

Local contact numbers in two dimensional packings of frictional disks

We analyze the local structure of two dimensional packings of frictional disks numerically. We focus on the fractions x_i of particles that are in contact with i neighbors, and systematically vary the confining pressure p and friction coefficient \mu. We find that for all \mu, the fractions x_i exhibit powerlaw scaling with p, which allows us to obtain an accurate estimate for x_i at zero pressure. We uncover how these zero pressure fractions x_i vary with \mu, and introduce a simple model that captures most of this variation. We also probe the correlations between the contact numbers of neighboring particles.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure