How can child labour schemes help mainstream child labourers back to school? A case study of NCLP in Kolkata

Child labour has been an issue which many governments and NGOs has tried to solve through various schemes, projects and acts. There is a universal agreement that education can help child labourers back to school, but there is a disagreement on how to do this. This thesis examines the Indian educational child labour scheme, National Child Labour Project (NCLP) in Kolkata, with a focus on the education, and state and NGO discourse. Through the theories of Spivak and Freire as well as current academics, and an interview with a prominent NCLP NGO in Kolkata, this thesis concludes that the NCLPs budget is too small for it to function as prescribed, and that the power imbalance and difference in discourse between NGOs and the state makes the NCLP unlikely to succeed. The thesis concludes with a recommendation to the Indian Government that they should invest more heavily in institutional schools, where the education is customised for the child labourers, with a place for the NGOs to come with feedback from the field

Designing Distribution Systems for Consumer Related E-Commerce

Consumer goods can be delivered in a number of different ways. One important and very interesting method is the use of e-commerce to deliver the groceries to the consumer. Distribution of consumer goods, especially groceries, poses a number of challenges to the use of e-commerce. Challenges that must be solved in order to find a justified solution. This paper will present and discuss a new research project called E-bizz Öresund, sponsored by the governments in Denmark and Sweden. It is a collaboration between ten companies, Copenhagen Business School, Lund University, Teknologisk Institute and SIK. This project is focusing on four major research topics that will be further discussed in the paper: Different distribution systems for e-commerce and how to control them in a efficient way, Warehouse layouts and how to perform a cost effective and productive order picking process, Systems that secure the temperature in the distribution chain and intelligent packages that will secure the temperature and that alarm when not met, and finally What are the most important customers requirements on a e-commerce solution and how design e-solutions that meet these requirements

Forsyning og distribution af dagligvarer i et kædeperspektiv - analyse af relationen mellem dagligvarekæde og transportør

Transportørers erhvervsvilkår er hidtil primært blevet vurderet udfra undersøgelser af transport-’markedet’. De enkelte transportører og deres kundevirksomheders vilkår for at drive deres forretning anskues i denne forbindelse billedlig talt som: ‘øer i et hav af markedsrelationer’ (Ricardson 1972). I de tilfælde hvor markedet i analysen opdeles, er der tale om en relativt overordnet kategorisering f.eks. transport over korte eller lange afstande og transport af massegods eller stykgods (Erhvervsfremme Styrelsen 1993). I en analyse af transportører, der indtjener betydelige af deres omsætning hos én enkelt eller flere kundevirksomheder, har en sådan tilgang til analysen ikke det rette fokus og er ej heller tilstrækkelig detaljeret. I stedet må analysen tage direkte udgangspunkt i selve det samarbejde en given transportør har med sine kundevirksomheder. Undersøgelsen skal i højere grad fokusere på det primære netværk af kunde - og transportør relationer, som en given transportør er tilknyttet og i varierende grad afhængig af (Axelsson og Håkansson 1984)

resume af resultater fra surveys og dybdeinterviews

Forbrugernes ønsker ikke at ændre deres indkøbsvaner for at handle dagligvarer via nettet, men de, der har prøvet at e-handle er mere positive overfor at handle over nettet og finder det mindre risikofyldt sammenlignet med de, der ikke har prøvet at handle dagligvarer over nettet. Dette betyder, at det er vigtigt at få forbrugerne til at prøve ordningerne f.eks. via tilbud og/eller forskellige medlemsfordele for at motivere dem til at indgå i ordningen. Det viser to nye undersøgelser gennemført af forskere fra Institut for Afsætningsøkonomi, Handelshøjskolen i København i samarbejde med forskere fra Lunds Universitet, Avdelingen for Forpackningslogistik. Undersøgelsen er en del af Ebizz Øresund, der er samfinansieret af det svenske Vinnova og det danske ministerium for Videnskab, Teknologi og Udvikling. Forbrugerne angiver som de to vigtigste fordele ved e-handel, at de dels sparer meget tid, dels at de bliver mindre afhængige af butikkernes åbningstider. De vigtigste ulemper set fra forbrugerside er dels at online handel er mindre spændende end køb i supermarkedet, dels at der er begrænset adgang til at se og føle på varerne før køb i online butikken. Det er dog forbrugere, der ikke har handlet på nettet, der mest markant har denne holdning. Firs procent af forbrugerne ønsker kun at betale et gebyr på maksimalt 60 kr. for at få leveret dagligvarerne til døren og 38 procent ønsker endda kun at betale maksimalt 20 kr.. Èn mulig vej for at få kickstartet e-handel med dagligvarer kunne være at forbrugerne slipper for at betale gebyr, når de køber over et vist beløb, f.eks. 800 kr. pr. køb. Men forbrugerne ønsker gratis levering allerede ved et indkøbsbeløb på 200 - 600 kr. pr. gang. Erfaring med e-handel med dagligvarer forøger ikke forbrugerens vilje til købe stort. De små købsbeløb skyldes sandsynligvis, at mange forbrugere lader sig inspirere i butikken, angående hvilke varer de skal købe til dagens aftensmad, især for frugt & grønt og ferske kødvarer og frisk fisk. De planlægger med andre ord ikke hele deres dagligvareindkøb i forvejen og vil antage ligt være tilbageholdende med at foretage hele deres dagligvareindkøb online. En medvirkende årsag kan dog desuden være, at mange forbrugere ikke har tilstrækkeligt med informationer til at kunne skønne omfanget af de omkostninger, som må bæres af online leverandøren i forbindelse med pakning, distribution mv. af dagligvarerne. Undersøgelsen viser, at et klart og gennemtænkt brand for hele e-handels butikken er vigtigt. Ikke bare en kopi af den eksisterende butikker. Set i dette lys kunne en fremtid for e-handel med dagligvarer være at støtte forbrugernes planlægning af måltiderne, f.eks. faste ugentlige måltidspakker med alle ingredienser vedlagt og med f.eks. én gratis ugentlig levering ved køb over et bestemt beløb. Virksomheden kan beregne sig frem til hvilket max. indkøbsbeløb pr. køb, der skal til, for at den tjener penge på at sælge. Gebyrfri levering af dagligvarer har vist sig vigtig for at få gang i den hendøende e- handel. Hvis forbrugerne ønsker en bedre service, bør det også være muligt, men så skal gebyret kunne dække de faktiske omkostninger ved pakning, levering, administration, m.v

Forsyning og distribution af dagligvarer i Danmark: - FDB og Dansk Supermarked som virksomhedseksempler.

I denne artikel fremlægges de første resultater fra forskningsfeltet: Forsyning og distribution af dagligvarer under Proteus programmets eksplorative forprojekt, hvor der er gennemført en analyse af Trekantsområdets produktions- og transportsystem. Der er gennemført 7 interviews med virksomheder indenfor dagligvarebranchen henholdsvis leverandører, dagligvarekædernes centrallagre, transportører og butikker. Artiklen baseres dog kun på to af de gennemførte interviews, nemlig interviewene med dagligvarekædernes centrallagre Artiklens centrale pointe er, at det aktuelle design af og servicekrav fra bl.a. butikkerne til dagligvarekædernes logistiksystemer, sætter ret snævre grænser for transportørerne muligheder for at reducere det samlede transportarbejde i denne branche. Forbedringer i denne branche må derfor ske i tæt samarbejde mellem alle parter i distributionskanalen: leverandører / producenter, dagligvarekæderne og tilknyttede transportører og tage udgangspunkt i logistikanalyser, der omfatter hele distributionskanalen, fra leverandør / producent frem til butikshylderne for herved at undgå, at der konstrueres løsninger, der er optimale for delsystemer, men suboptimale for den samlede kanal

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cancer risk: A Danish nationwide cohort study

SummaryIntroductionLittle is known about the risk of cancer in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including which cancer sites are most affected. We examined the short- and long-term risk of lung and extrapulmonary cancer in a nationwide cohort of COPD patients.MethodsWe linked the Danish National Registry of Patients and the nationwide cancer registry, and examined the incidence of various cancers in 236,494 individuals with a first incident hospital contact with COPD during 1980–2008. The observed cancer incidence in this cohort was compared with the expected incidence in the general population on the basis of national age-, sex-, and site-specific incidence rates.ResultsMedian follow-up was 3.5 years. During the first year of follow-up, 9434 cancers were diagnosed in COPD patients [standardized incidence ratio (SIR) = 3.1; 95% CI 3.0 to 3.2]. The 1-year SIR was 8.5 (8.2–8.9) for lung cancer, 5.1 (5.0–5.2) for all tobacco-related cancers, and 1.9 (1.9–2.0) for other cancers. In the following years, cancer incidence was increased 1.4-fold (1.4–1.5) in COPD patients. These patients had an increased risk of developing tobacco-related cancers (SIR = 2.1; 95% CI 2.0–2.1), including cancers of the lung, larynx, tongue, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, cervix uteri, and urinary tract (with SIRs ranging between 1.3 and 2.8).ConclusionsPatients with first-time hospital-diagnosed COPD are at considerably increased risk of developing both lung cancer and extrapulmonary cancers. Physicians should be aware of cancer in COPD patients

Diabetes and hyperglycemia: relation with clinical outcome in the community acquired pneumonia

Background: Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common condition and a major cause of morbidity. Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases the risk and complications of infectious diseases. However, the role of DM and glycemia at the time of presentation as prognostic factors in patients with CAP remains to be clarified. Aims: To evaluate the relationship between DM/glycemia at the time of presentation and complications, length of stay and mortality in patients with CAP, and the relationship between glycemic control and complications in patients with diabetes.Methods: Observational, analytical and retrospective study of adults admitted to our hospital between October/2011 and March/2012, with CAP. Electronic clinical data were analyzed and telephone calls were done to assess mortality at 30 and 90 days. The chi-square test, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests, and logistic regression were used. Results: Of the 440 included patients, 51.1% were women, 83.1% elderly and 29.3% had diagnosis of DM. Of these, 48.8% had HbA1c measured (median 6.8%, IQR: 6.3-7.8%). The median glucose was 134 mg/dL (IQR: 111-176 mg/dL). Patients with DM were older (p = 0.002), had higher severity of pneumonia (p = 0.025), more complications (p = 0.001) and longer hospital stay (p = 0.001). DM proved to be a predictor of complications (p = 0.008). No association between DM and mortality was found, nor between HbA1c levels and complications, length of stay and mortality. Higher glucose levels at admission were associated with longer hospital stay (p = 0.016) and patients with hyperglycemia on admission had more complications (no statistically significant). However, no association between glucose levels on admission and mortality was found. Conclusion: DM and hyperglycemia on admission are associated with adverse outcome in CAP. Both are associated with longer hospital stay and DM predicts complications from CAP