Effects of Age, Temperature-Season, and Breed on Blood Characteristics of Dairy Cattle

Two hundred twenty four dairy cattle (6 mo to second calving) representing four breeds (169 Holstein, 24 Guernsey, 19 Jersey, 12 Brown Swiss) were used to determine effects of age, temperature-season, and breed on blood characteristics. A total of 1183 blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture in the middle of each temperature-season. Covariate age affected blood profile except for hemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, and albumin. Temperature-season increased or decreased all measures except enzyme creatine phosphokinase, total creatine phosphokinase, calcium, and phosphorus. Years differed for all measures except hemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin. Except for enzyme creatine phosphokinase, total creatine phosphokinase, and phosphorus, breeds differed in other measures. There were interactions between temperature-season and year, temperature-season and breed, and year and breed. Differences among temperature-seasons were not consistent from year to year. Breed differences were not consistent from temperature-season to temperature-season for calcium or protein-bound iodine. Breed differences were not consistent from year to year for glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, total protein, albumin, or calcium. © 1981, American Dairy Science Association. All rights reserved

Performance of Holstein and Crossbred Dairy Cattle in Louisiana. II. Growth Rate Through First Lactation

Body weights of four groups consisting of 355 crosses among the Brown Swiss, Holstein, Jersey, and Red Sindhi breeds were compared to those of 127 contemporary Holsteins at six ages: birth, 6, 12, 15, and 18 months and in first lactation. Least-squares analyses were used to estimate effects of breed groups, year of birth, proportion of Red Sindhi heredity, and breed by year interactions. Year of birth had a significant (P \u3c .01) influence on body weight, but this was not consistent with respect to breed groups. Purebred Holsteins were larger (P \u3c ,01) than crossbreds at all ages. Among the crossbred groups, Holstein-sired crosses averaged 3% below Holsteins in body weight at the different ages whereas Brown Swiss-sired crosses and two groups of daughters by crossbred sires (one group by Zebu × European crossbred bulls, another by European × European crossbred bulls) ranged from 4 to 17% below Holsteins. Crosses by purebred sires were larger than those by crossbred sires, with the differences in body weight significant (P \u3c .05 or P \u3c .01) at all ages except 6 months. The magnitude of differences was greater after 12 months of age and was probably influenced by a larger proportion of Jersey and Red Sindhi heredity among daughters of crossbred sires. Significant negative linear responses (P \u3c .05 or P \u3c .01) due to proportion of Red Sindhi heredity (1/4 to 1/8, 1/8 to 1/16, 1/16 to 0 and 0) were noted for birth weight, 6 and 18 months and first lactation. The effect of Red Sindhi heredity on body weight appeared to be of an additive genetic nature since body weights increased as the proportion of Red Sindhi breeding decreased. © 1972, American Dairy Science Association. All rights reserved

Relationship of Blood Serum Protein and Protein Fractions to Milk Constituents and Temperature-Season

Blood serum protein and protein fractions were determined in 265 samples from 62 lactating Holstein cows over one calendar year. Temperature-seasonal changes (cool, optimum, hot) were responsible for significant linear and quadratic fluctuation in serum protein fractions. Serum albumin, β-globulin, α2- globulin, and the A:G ratio significantly decreased as seasons progressed from cool to hot. Further, globulin and γ-globulin both increased significantly from cool to hot seasons. An a1bumin:globulin ratio (.56:1) was inverted. Milk fat percentage was positively correlated with serum albumin percentage and a1bumin:globulin ratio and negatively correlated with total serum protein, and serum globulin and γ-globulin percentages. No correlations were significant between Wisconsin Mastitis Test or Direct Microscopic Somatic Cell Count and any of the serum protein constituents or total serum protein. Monthly 4% fat-corrected milk was negatively correlated with total serum protein and serum globulin percentage and positively correlated with serum α2-globulin percentage. © 1972, American Dairy Science Association. All rights reserved

Genotype-Climatic and Other Interaction Effects for Productive Responses in Holsteins

Season of calving had important effects on the shape of the lactation curve, affecting peak milk yield, persistency, and lactation lengths in a Louisiana Holstein herd. Feeding regime and age at calving also had marked effects. Plane of nutrition appeared to have more important effects on components of the lactation curve than did season of calving. Most interaction effects were small. Lactation milk yield for Holstein cows in five Louisiana herds calving in the hot season of the year was consistently from 200 to 300 kg (5 to 8%) less than that for cows calving during cool and mild seasons. Yields during the first 90 days of lactation were 10 to 14% less. Interactions of sire by season of calving for part and whole lactation milk and milk fat yields accounted for less than 1% of the total variance. Interactions of cow by season of calving were of the same general magnitude. Thus, genotype-climatic interactions for milk production for Holstein cattle under Louisiana conditions are not important enough to consider in the selective breeding program. © 1974, American Dairy Science Association. All rights reserved

Relationship between Final Temperature, Thaw Rate, and Quality of Bovine Semen

Relationships between thaw rate, thaw bath time, and initial bath and final seminal temperature with coefficients of determination .99 and .97 were: bath time = −.01 + 220.25(1/thaw rate); initial bath temperature = final seminal temperature − 7.29 + 390.05(1/bath time). Ejaculates from 10 bulls were split and processed in egg yolk-citrate-glycerol, egg yolk-Tris-glycerol, and whole milk-glycerol. All semen was packaged and frozen in .5-ml French straws at −196°C. Sixteen thaw treatments consisted of factorial combinations of four final seminal temperatures and four thaw rates. Treatments were assessed by post-thaw acrosomal integrity after 3-h 37°C incubation. Seminal quality improved with increasing final seminal temperature up to 31°C and did not differ between 31 and 44°C for any of the extenders. A slow thaw rate (3°C/s) resulted in inferior quality for all extenders, and rates 11, 19, and 27°C/s resulted in similar quality for citrate and milk extended semen. Acrosomal integrity was most for 19°C/s in Tris extended semen. A significant factorial interaction existed for Tris and milk extended semen. Predicted acrosomal response of 57.7% across all extenders was at optimum final seminal temperature and thaw rate 37°C and 18°C/s. Bath temperature and bath time determine optimum thaw rate and final temperature of semen packaged in French straws and thus maximize seminal quality. © 1984, American Dairy Science Association. All rights reserved

Financial estimates against investors’ preferences:anchoring, denial and spillover effects

This experimental study investigates how the characteristics of an estimate in a sensitivity disclosure and the level of threat it presents to investors' preferences interact to influence investors’ risk judgments. Firstly, I predict and find that variation in an estimate affects not only investors’ judgment on a related issue but also their future judgments on an unrelated issue. Secondly, I predict and find that investors are more sensitive to variations in an estimate when information contained in the estimate presents less threat to their preferred conclusions than when it presents greater threat. Finally, I predict and find that investors perceive more uncertainty regarding the association between the disclosed risk factor and the estimated financial reporting item in the estimate when the information presents greater threat

Tuning of metal-insulator transition of two-dimensional electrons at parylene/SrTiO3_3 interface by electric field

Electrostatic carrier doping using a field-effect-transistor structure is an intriguing approach to explore electronic phases by critical control of carrier concentration. We demonstrate the reversible control of the insulator-metal transition (IMT) in a two dimensional (2D) electron gas at the interface of insulating SrTiO$_3$ single crystals. Superconductivity was observed in a limited number of devices doped far beyond the IMT, which may imply the presence of 2D metal-superconductor transition. This realization of a two-dimensional metallic state on the most widely-used perovskite oxide is the best manifestation of the potential of oxide electronics

Factors related to blood pressure in a biracial adolescent female population

Blood pressure levels, anthropometric parameters, and dietary intakes were assessed in 1981 and 1983 in a population of black (n = 236) and white (n = 296) adolescent girls, aged 14 and 16 years in 1983. The 14-year-old black girls exhibited significantly higher mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures than whites in both years. Body weight and Quetelet index were more strongly associated with blood pressure than were height and triceps skinfold thickness. Correcting blood pressures for weight, Quetelet index, 2-year changes in height, and age at menarche decreased in each case (but did not negate) the observed race differences in blood pressure. Dietary calcium and potassium intakes were inversely related to blood pressure, and a race difference in the intake of these nutrients (whites\u3eblacks) was observed. Covariate adjustment for calcium, but not for potassium, decreased the magnitude of race differences in blood pressure. Family type (single-parent vs nuclear) and place of residence (urban vs nonurban) appeared to be the most important confounding variables for race differences in blood pressure, since differences largely were eliminated by controlling for these factors. Conflicting reports in the literature regarding the age range during which race differences in blood pressure become apparent may be partially attributed to the complex interrelationships among these factors and the potential influence of other genetic-environment interactions that may also play a role in blood pressure regulation

The Vehicle, Spring 1992

Contents POEMS Makin\u27 Mudpies Nancy James page 6 Obscurity Kim Frost page 7 The Plea for a Pink One Victoria Bennett page 8 Mom\u27s Loving Push Amy Boone page 10 Through a Frog Laura Durnell page 12 Cold Snap A.L. Gallion page 12 Dimensity Anthony Smith page 13 Cold War Anthony Smith page 14 Get A Spoon Sheila Taylor page 15 Explore K. Thorsson page 16 FICTION The Proofreader Jenny L. Shields page 18 Ba, Ba, Black Sheep Victoria Bennett page 22 Eat My Words Sheila Taylor page 27 BIOGRAPHIES page 30 all photography by Dan Kooncehttps://thekeep.eiu.edu/vehicle/1059/thumbnail.jp

Mapping the Spatial Distribution of Charge Carriers in LaAlO3/SrTiO3 Heterostructures

At the interface between complex insulating oxides, novel phases with interesting properties may occur, such as the metallic state reported in the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 system. While this state has been predicted and reported to be confined at the interface, some works indicate a much broader spatial extension, thereby questioning its origin. Here we provide for the first time a direct determination of the carrier density profile of this system through resistance profile mappings collected in cross-section LaAlO3/SrTiO3 samples with a conducting-tip atomic force microscope (CT-AFM). We find that, depending upon specific growth protocols, the spatial extension of the high-mobility electron gas can be varied from hundreds of microns into SrTiO3 to a few nanometers next to the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface. Our results emphasize the potential of CT-AFM as a novel tool to characterize complex oxide interfaces and provide us with a definitive and conclusive way to reconcile the body of experimental data in this system.Comment: This updated version contains new experimental dat