FIRST DATA ON THE CONCENTRATIONS AND DISTRIBUTION OF NOBLE METALS IN NI-CU SULFIDE ORES OF THE SOUTH MAKSUT DEPOSIT (EAST KAZAKHSTAN)

The magmatic sulfide deposits in the Central Asian orogenic belt are hosted in a series of mafic–ultramafic intrusions in the Maksut zone (E Kazakhstan), the Kalatongke and the Huangshan zones in Xinjiang (NW China) and the Hongqiling zone in NE China. In the Maksut zone there are several intrusions, the best studied from which is the South Maksut intrusion with Cu–Ni–PGE mineralization.The magmatic sulfide deposits in the Central Asian orogenic belt are hosted in a series of mafic–ultramafic intrusions in the Maksut zone (E Kazakhstan), the Kalatongke and the Huangshan zones in Xinjiang (NW China) and the Hongqiling zone in NE China. In the Maksut zone there are several intrusions, the best studied from which is the South Maksut intrusion with Cu–Ni–PGE mineralization

Robust Dropping Criteria for F-norm Minimization Based Sparse Approximate Inverse Preconditioning

Dropping tolerance criteria play a central role in Sparse Approximate Inverse preconditioning. Such criteria have received, however, little attention and have been treated heuristically in the following manner: If the size of an entry is below some empirically small positive quantity, then it is set to zero. The meaning of "small" is vague and has not been considered rigorously. It has not been clear how dropping tolerances affect the quality and effectiveness of a preconditioner $M$. In this paper, we focus on the adaptive Power Sparse Approximate Inverse algorithm and establish a mathematical theory on robust selection criteria for dropping tolerances. Using the theory, we derive an adaptive dropping criterion that is used to drop entries of small magnitude dynamically during the setup process of $M$. The proposed criterion enables us to make $M$ both as sparse as possible as well as to be of comparable quality to the potentially denser matrix which is obtained without dropping. As a byproduct, the theory applies to static F-norm minimization based preconditioning procedures, and a similar dropping criterion is given that can be used to sparsify a matrix after it has been computed by a static sparse approximate inverse procedure. In contrast to the adaptive procedure, dropping in the static procedure does not reduce the setup time of the matrix but makes the application of the sparser $M$ for Krylov iterations cheaper. Numerical experiments reported confirm the theory and illustrate the robustness and effectiveness of the dropping criteria.Comment: 27 pages, 2 figure

LYSAN ALKALINE-ULTRABASIC COMPLEX (EASTERN SAYAN): AGE AND GEODYNAMIC CONSEQUENCES

This paper presents new ideas about the formational identity, as well as the first data on the age of formation of rocks within the Lysan intrusive complex located at junction of the Derbin block and the Sisim-Kazyr zone of the Central Asian folded belt. The study identified the similarities between the Lysan complex and intrusions of the alkaline-ultrabasic formation. It formed during the period of maximum intraplate activity along the edge of the Siberian craton

PALEOGEODYNAMICS OF MAGMATIC AND METAMORPHIC PROCESSES OF FORMATION OF ULTRAMAFIC ROCKS OF CHAGAN-UZUN MASSIF (OPHIOLITES OF GORNY ALTAI)

The Geochemical and mineralogical studies showed, that harzburgites of the Chagan-Uzun massif are restites with a degree of partial melting 15–20 %, which formed at temperatures 1520–1420 °С under the conditions of the mid-oceanic ridge and transformed during the evolution of paleooceanic structures under the influence of magmatic processes at the initial stages of subduction and manifestation of boninite magmatism. The combined use of data on the geochemistry of rare and rare earth elements, as well as on the compositions of pyroxenes, Cr-spinels, melt inclusions in Cr-spinels and computational modeling, indicates the formation of clinopyroxenites of Chagan-Uzun ophiolites at the mid-oceanic ridge during crystallization of picrite and picrobasalt melts at temperatures 1315–1245 °C and pressures 4–2 kbar. The study of amphiboles showed high metamorphic parameters of transformation of harzburgites (5.1–1.9 kbar, 820–700 °С) and clinopyroxenites (2.6–1.4 kbar and 740–680 °С) of the Chagan-Uzun massif, typical for ultrabasites from the modern mid-oceanic ridges. In general, results of comprehensive studies made it possible to determine the sequence of paleogeodynamic processes of formation of ultramafic rocks of the Chagan-Uzun massif. Initial formation of harzburgites in the course of partial melting of mantle and crystallization of clinopyroxenites in the magma chamber occurred under the conditions of the mid-oceanic ridge. At the next stage, ultramafic rocks fell within the subduction-zone initiation area, where they were exposed to the influence of boninite melts

Combination of Gilbert's syndrome and gastrointestinal diseases

The aim of review. To detect relation between Gilbert's syndrome (GS) and other diseases of a gastrointestinal tract (GIT).Key points. Gilbert's syndrome - hereditary, unconjugated jaundice related to decrease of activity of uridinediphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1А1 (UGT 1А1) in the liver. The prevalence in European countries of reaches 9 %. Mutation of encoding gene — A (TA) 7TAA A is the principal cause of insufficiency of this enzyme, however development of clinical syndrome and severity of symptoms is related to other factors as well (male gender, additional genetic mutations, et al.). Provoking factors of jaundice attacks include fasting, infectious diseases, overstrain, effect of drugs and xenobiotics. Patients demonstrate various complaints related to disorders — nausea, decrease of appetite, heartburn, epigastric pain, defecation disorders. Gilbert's syndrome quite often is combined to of the upper gastro-intestinal diseases (gastroduodenitis, esophagitis, sphincter disorders). Recent studies have demonstrated, that this hereditary syndrome is a risk factor of gallbladder diseases, including biliary sludge, gallstone disease. Lower gastro-intestinal disorders often have functional origin. In the literature publications on rare frequency of colorectal cancer and Crohn's disease in patients with GS have appeared. The protective role of unconjugated bilirubin in relation to various diseases - cardio-vascular, autoimmune, oncologic is studied.Conclusion. The reasons of development of symptoms related to gastro-intestinal organs in patients with Gilbert's syndrome are investigated insufficiently. It can be assumed, that there is combination to other gastro-intestinal diseases. Diseases of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum and biliary tracts decelop most frequently at GS. To author’s opinion and literature data, it is caused by embryogenetic affinity and functional relation between liver, biliary tract and upper gastro-intestinal tract, disorder of structure and rheologic properties of bile, characteristic for GS, and also decrease of detoxification liver function. Doctors should be concerned in relation of gastro-intestinal diseases GS

ЛЫСАНСКИЙ ЩЕЛОЧНО-УЛЬТРАОСНОВНОЙ КОМПЛЕКС (ВОСТОЧНЫЙ САЯН): ВОЗРАСТ И ГЕОДИНАМИЧЕСКИЕ СЛЕДСТВИЯ

This paper presents new ideas about the formational identity, as well as the first data on the age of formation of rocks within the Lysan intrusive complex located at junction of the Derbin block and the Sisim-Kazyr zone of the Central Asian folded belt. The study identified the similarities between the Lysan complex and intrusions of the alkaline-ultrabasic formation. It formed during the period of maximum intraplate activity along the edge of the Siberian craton.Представлены новые сведения о формационной принадлежности и первые сведения о возрасте образования пород Лысанского интрузивного комплекса, расположенного в зоне сочленения Дербинского блока и Сисимо-Казырской зоны Центрально-Азиатского складчатого пояса. Показано, что Лысанский комплекс обладает сходством с интрузиями щелочно-ультраосновной формации и его формирование происходило в период максимальной внутриплитной активности вдоль края Сибирского кратона

Allergy education and training for physicians.

The increasing prevalence of allergic diseases has placed a significant burden on global healthcare and society as whole. This has necessitated a rapid development of "allergy" as a specialist area. However, as allergy is so common and, for most, relatively easy to diagnose and control, all clinicians need to have basic knowledge and competence  to manage  mild disease and recognize when referral is required. The allergology specialty has not yet been recognized in many countries and even where allergy is fully recognized as a specialty, the approach to training in allergy differs significantly. In the light of recent developments in allergy diagnosis and management, there is an urgent need to harmonize core competences for physicians, as well as the standardization of core principles for medical education and post-graduate training in allergy. All physicians and allied health professionals must appreciate the multidisciplinary team (MDT) approach to allergy, which is key to achieving the highest standards in holistic care. Due to worldwide variation in resources and personnel, some MDT roles will need to be absorbed by the treating physician or other healthcare professionals. We draw particular attention to the role of psychological input for all allergy patients, dietetic input in the case of food allergy and patient education to support all patients in the supported self-management of their condition on a daily basis. A strong appreciation of these multidisciplinary aspects will help physicians provide quality patient-centered care. We consider that harmonization of allergy components within undergraduate curricula is crucial to ensure all physicians develop the appropriate allergy-related knowledge and skills, particularly in light of inconsistencies seen in the primary care management of allergy. This review from the World Allergy Organization (WAO) Education and Training Committee also outlines allergy-related competences required of physicians working with allergic patients and provides recommendations to promote harmonization of allergy training and practice worldwide

ДИНАМИКА МАНТИЙНО‐КОРОВОГО ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ НА ГЛУБИННЫХ УРОВНЯХ КОЛЛИЗИОННЫХ ОРОГЕНОВ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ОЛЬХОНСКОГО РЕГИОНА, ЗАПАДНОЕ ПРИБАЙКАЛЬЕ)

In the Chernorud granulite zone in the Olkhon region of West Pribaikalie, we studied gabbro‐pyroxenites composing tectonic plates (Chernorud, Tonta) and synmetamorphic intrusive bodies (Ulan‐Khargana), as well as nu‐ merous disintegrated boudins and inclusions embedded in the metamorphic matrix. Based on the results of compara‐ tive analysis of the chemical compositions, the gabbro‐pyroxenites are classified into a single island‐arc tholeiitic se‐ ries. The COMAGMAT software was used to simulate this series and to estimate the initial composition of the parent magma (magnesian basalt: SiO2=46.0 wt. %, TiO2=0.8 wt. %, Al2O3=15.3 wt. %, ΣFeO=9.0 wt. %, MnO=0.15 wt. %, MgO=10.5 wt. %, CaO=17.0 wt. %, Na2O=1.0 wt. %, K2O=0.2 wt. %, P2O5=0.05 wt. %, total = 100.0 %, Mg# = 67.5 %). It is concluded that the granulite metamorphism (P=7.7 to 8.6 kbar, T=770 to 820 °C) was due not only to dipping of the initial sedimentary‐volcanic series to a depth of 25–28 km, but also to the presence of a deep chamber of magnesian basalt magma. In our estimations, garnet‐pyroxenites (i.e. mafic rocks of the top facies in the above‐mentioned cham‐ ber) originated at P=8.0–8.3 kbar and T=900–930 °C. Considering petrology, the deep mafic chamber under the layer of granulite facies is evidenced by metamorphic magma mingling, as well as pipe‐shaped intrusions characterized by the specific morphology, internal structure and bulk rock compositions. Based on the data on the Ulan‐Khargana mas‐ sif and gabbro‐pyroxenite bodies involved in the structure of the marble melange, we propose a petrological model showing two stages of mafic injection – Stage 1: hydraulic fracturing of granulite series and the emergence of tubular structures and bodies, which are similar to kimberlite pipes or channels of different shapes; Stage 2: rising of the flu‐ idized residual alkaline melt through the emerging ‘pipes’ and fractures armored by hardened zones, which is fol‐ lowed by metamorphic magma mingling under viscous deformation conditions. The mafic magmas intruding to the level of the granulite facies facilitated the deep anatexis and formation of synmetamorphic hypersthene plagiogranites (U‐Pb isotope dating: 500–490 Ma) and high‐K stress granites. In the Chernorud granulite zone, intense ductile‐plastic and brittle‐plastic deformations accompanied the processes of metamorphism, intrusion and formation of gabbro‐ pyroxenites and the anatexis of the crustal substance. As a result, the intrusive bodies were fragmented, and specific tectonic structures termed ‘metamorphic magma‐mingling’ were formed. All the tectonic and magmatic structures were subsequently ‘sealed up’ by K‐Na synkinematic granites at the regressive stage under conditions of the amphibo‐ lite‐facies metamorphism (U‐Pb and Ar‐Ar isotope dating: 470–460 Ma).В пределах Чернорудской гранулитовой зоны (Ольхонский регион, Западное Прибайкалье) изучены габбро‐пироксениты, слагающие тектонические пластины (Черноруд, Тонта), синметаморфические интрузивные тела (Улан‐Харгана), а также многочисленные дезинтегрированные будины и включения, погруженные в метаморфический матрикс. Сравнительный анализ вещественного состава габбро‐пироксенитов позволяет объединить их в единую островодужно‐толеитовую серию, для которой проведены модельные оценки состава родоначальной магмы по программе КОМАГМАТ (магнезиальный базальт: SiO2=46.0 мас. %, TiO2=0.8 мас. %, Al2O3=15.3 мас. %, ΣFeO=9.0 мас. %, MnO=0.15 мас. %, MgO=10.5 мас. %, CaO=17.0 мас. %, Na2O=1.0 мас. %, K2O=0.2 мас. %, P2O5=0.05 мас. %, сумма 100.0 %, Mg#=67.5 %). Сделан вывод, что гранулитовый метаморфизм (Р=7.7–8.6 кбар, Т=770–820 °С) обусловлен не только погружением первичных осадочно‐ вулканогенных толщ на глубину 25–28 км, но и присутствием глубинного магматического очага магнезиальных базальтов. Оценки Р‐Т параметров условий образования гранатовых пироксенитов, представляющих собой базитовые породы прикровельной фации этого очага, составляют Р=8.0–8.3 кбар, Т=900–930 °С. Петрологическими индикаторами существования глубинного базитового очага под гранулитовым слоем являются также специфические по морфологии, внутреннему строению и вещественному составу трубообразные интрузии и метаморфический магма‐минглинг. На примере массива Улан‐Харгана и габбро‐пироксенитовых тел, участвующих в строении мраморного меланжа, предложена двухстадийная петрологическая модель базитовых инъекций. Первая стадия отвечает гидроразрыву гранулитовой толщи и возникновению трубообразных или иных тел, по аналогии с кимберлитовыми трубками или подводящими к траппам каналами различной формы. Вторая стадия отвечает подъему флюидизированного остаточного щелочного расплава сквозь возникающие трубы и разрывы, бронированные зонами закалки, и, как следствие, формированию метаморфического магма‐минглинга в условиях вязких деформаций. Внедрение базитовых магм на уровень гранулитовой фации способствовало глубинному анатексису, формированию синметаморфических гиперстенсодержащих плагиогранитов (500–490 млн лет, U/Pb изотопное датирование) и высококалиевых стресс-гранитов. Спецификой Чернорудской гранулитовой зоны являются интенсивные сдвиговые вязкопластичные и хрупкопластичные деформации, сопровождавшие процессы метаморфизма, внедрения и становления габбро‐пироксенитов и анатексиса корового субстрата, что привело к фрагментации интрузивных тел и формированию особого класса тектонических структур – метаморфического магма‐минглинга. Все тектонические и магматические структуры были впоследствии «запечатаны» K‐Na синкинематическими гранитами на регрессивной стадии в условиях амфиболитовой фации метаморфизма, 470–460 млн лет (U‐Pb/Ar‐Ar изотопное датирование)