Wandlungen des Herrscherbildes im politischen Denken des Spatmittelalters

pp. 311-328In seinen "Gesta Chuenradi II. Imperatoris", einer der greiSen Herrscherbiegraphien der Epoche, hat Wipe, der Verfasser der nech beute in der OsterUturgie integrierten Sequenz "Victimae pasdiaU", die Erhebung des Saliers Kenrad geschildert.^^^ Aribo, Erzbischef von Mainz und Promoter Kenrads entwfrft dabei in seiner Adresse an Kenrad im Zug der Kensekratien, der "officia regiae unctienis", ein programmatisches BUd des Herrschers und seines Amtes. In diesem BUd sind wesentliche Zùge dessen vereint, was unter dem Leitwert des "sakralen Kònigtums" zusammenfliefit. Einmal die unmittelbare Herkunft der Gewalt ven Gett als der "fens capitaUs". In dieser Herkunft ist der "hener", die Amtswófrde, ihrem Ursprung gemàfi (ad naturam principU) rein und unversehrt. Erst in der Hand der Unwerten, der Grausamen und Hechmùtigen — das BUd des Tyrannen wfrd sichtbarwfrd die Macht zum "verderbUchen Trank der Besheit"

Pope Leo IX: A reforming pope?

No abstract available

Joint Effects of Febrile Acute Infection and an Interferon-γ Polymorphism on Breast Cancer Risk

BACKGROUND: There is an inverse relationship between febrile infection and the risk of malignancies. Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) plays an important role in fever induction and its expression increases with incubation at fever-range temperatures. Therefore, the genetic polymorphism of IFN-γ may modify the association of febrile infection with breast cancer risk. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Information on potential breast cancer risk factors, history of fever during the last 10 years, and blood specimens were collected from 839 incident breast cancer cases and 863 age-matched controls between October 2008 and June 2010 in Guangzhou, China. IFN-γ (rs2069705) was genotyped using a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry platform. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using multivariate logistic regression. We found that women who had experienced ≥1 fever per year had a decreased risk of breast cancer [ORs and 95% CI: 0.77 (0.61-0.99)] compared to those with less than one fever a year. This association only occurred in women with CT/TT genotypes [0.54 (0.37-0.77)] but not in those with the CC genotype [1.09 (0.77-1.55)]. The association of IFN-γ rs2069705 with the risk of breast cancer was not significant among all participants, while the CT/TT genotypes were significantly related to an elevated risk of breast cancer [1.32 (1.03-1.70)] among the women with <1 fever per year and to a reduced risk of breast cancer [0.63 (0.40-0.99)] among women with ≥1 fever per year compared to the CC genotype. A marked interaction between fever frequencies and the IFN-γ genotypes was observed (P for multiplicative and additive interactions were 0.005 and 0.058, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate a possible link between febrile acute infection and a decreased risk of breast cancer, and this association was modified by IFN-γ rs2069705

Fluorofluorophores: Fluorescent Fluorous Chemical Tools Spanning the Visible Spectrum

“Fluoro” refers to both fluorescent and fluorinated compounds. Despite the shared prefix, there are very few fluorescent molecules that are soluble in perfluorinated solvents. This paucity is surprising, given that optical microscopy is a ubiquitous technique throughout the physical sciences and the orthogonality of fluorous materials is a commonly exploited strategy in synthetic chemistry, materials science, and chemical biology. We have addressed this shortage by synthesizing a panel of “fluorofluorophores,” fluorescent molecules containing high weight percent fluorine with optical properties spanning the visible spectrum. We demonstrate the utility of these fluorofluorophores by preparing fluorescent perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions.National Science Foundation (U.S.) (ECCS-0939514