Language-centered poetics

The work focuses on recognising the features of each individual language-centered poetics, referring to different philosophies and aesthetics. For instance "impeaching the language" (the first generation of linguistic writers) involves opposite results to the imperative "to protect my own language from fabrication and depravation" (New Wave linguistic poets). The opposition "trustfulness-distrustfulness" does not cover all possible complications within the realm of poetic metareflection. Having different opinions about the effectiveness of their own interventions into language these reflections are located between poetical optimism and pessimism. The latter is highly related to what is called "the crisis of language". The work investigates the role of post-war linguistic poetry in breaking down the conventional optimism of Polish "avant-garde poetic model", not matching up to the European poetry signed with the names of Mallarmé, Klebnikov, George, Celan and the others.The work focuses on recognising the features of each individual language-centered poetics, referring to different philosophies and aesthetics. For instance "impeaching the language" (the first generation of linguistic writers) involves opposite results to the imperative "to protect my own language from fabrication and depravation" (New Wave linguistic poets). The opposition "trustfulness-distrustfulness" does not cover all possible complications within the realm of poetic metareflection. Having different opinions about the effectiveness of their own interventions into language these reflections are located between poetical optimism and pessimism. The latter is highly related to what is called "the crisis of language". The work investigates the role of post-war linguistic poetry in breaking down the conventional optimism of Polish "avant-garde poetic model", not matching up to the European poetry signed with the names of Mallarmé, Klebnikov, George, Celan and the others

Peiper w Madrycie, czyli hiszpański topos

The pope of Polish avant-garde is a main character of a certain persistently recollected critical topos. It claims that, after spending World War I in Europe, Tadeusz Peiper took a basic shape of his poetical idea from avant-garde artists he then met. Critics who share this opinion believe that Peiper, aware of these “borrowings”, was developing a carefully planned strategy in order to conceal those external sources and to pretend originality. The author of the article disavows these harmful assumptions, reconstructing their possible genesis (rooted in and continued prewar suspicions of plagiarism) and analyzing some of their critical versions. In the same time she presents wider and not only avant-garde background of Peiper’s idea (baroque, gongorism).The pope of Polish avant-garde is a main character of a certain persistently recollected critical topos. It claims that, after spending World War I in Europe, Tadeusz Peiper took a basic shape of his poetical idea from avant-garde artists he then met. Critics who share this opinion believe that Peiper, aware of these “borrowings”, was developing a carefully planned strategy in order to conceal those external sources and to pretend originality. The author of the article disavows these harmful assumptions, reconstructing their possible genesis (rooted in and continued prewar suspicions of plagiarism) and analyzing some of their critical versions. In the same time she presents wider and not only avant-garde background of Peiper’s idea (baroque, gongorism)

Protecting the Woods and the Gardens: Natural Areas Management Plan for MBGNA

The purpose of a Natural Areas Land Management Plan for the Matthaei Botanical Gardens and Nichols Arboretum is to create a forward-focused systematic document that covers the most essential topics for land management. The ecological history of southeast Michigan led to a suite of natural communities located at Matthaei Botanical Gardens and Horner-McLaughlin Woods. Each community type supports a different network of wildlife and plant species. Depending on the location, the site may also encourage human interaction. As one example, volunteer stewardship is a practice integral to the successful management of natural areas. For these reasons, this Master’s project examined both the natural and social environment. Using collected information, Team Botanical developed a natural areas management plan to guide future management actions. The plan first describes the properties through site characteristics, historical events, and current observations. Then the plan recommends management techniques such as species surveys, target plant communities, prescribed fire, and potential collaborative species introductions along a feasible timeline. The key goal is to establish a process such that those working in natural areas have a tool to develop additional land management plans.Master of Science Master of Landscape ArchitectureSchool for Environment and SustainabilityUniversity of Michiganhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/146745/3/Matthaei-Nichols Management Plan_343_v2.pd

Poetyka a światopogląd. O twórczości Marii Pawlikowskiej-lasnorzewskiej

Part ONE. This dissertation is devoted to the inspiration of Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska by the philosophy of the East, which she got to know through Arthur Schopenhauer's writings. The first part contains a description of the manner in which the poet interpreted the inconsistency of the conception of the German philosopher who tried to combine in one all the elements of various religious and philosophical trends coming from India. We can look on Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska's works of the pre-World War II years as on a peculiar literary adaptation of these various ideas, and, to be more exact, as on an attempt to construct such a poetic world in which there might be a coordination between diverse currents determined by the Brahminian and the Buddhist ideas. In Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska's early poems affirmation, paradox, (self/auto)irony and degradation of loftiness are concurrent, which are characteristic of the Buddhist attitude to the world and there is also avoidance of reflection of ethical nature so characteristic of Brahminism.Part two. In the second part of the dissertation on the influence of Indian philosophy on Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska's views, these elements of her writings are analysed (such as miniaturisation, condensation, formal rigour, intellectualisation of lyricism), which reflected her way of thinking. The description also contains the next stage of writing activity of the author of Krystalizacje [Crystallisations] during which the poet gave up the affirmative amoralism, and in her poetry occurred a confrontation of the negativist assumptions of Brahminism with the Buddhist imperative of mercy. Along with the acceptance of the evaluative perspective in Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska's poetic diction elements of gnostic rhetoric began to appear in which she followed Schopenhauer, and in her writings the process of "decay of the poetic form" began to be more and more visible, which was described by critics, and which led through the poetics of a sketch and fragment in her later prewar works to the notebook-like last recordings of the war period.Part ONE. This dissertation is devoted to the inspiration of Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska by the philosophy of the East, which she got to know through Arthur Schopenhauer's writings. The first part contains a description of the manner in which the poet interpreted the inconsistency of the conception of the German philosopher who tried to combine in one all the elements of various religious and philosophical trends coming from India. We can look on Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska's works of the pre-World War II years as on a peculiar literary adaptation of these various ideas, and, to be more exact, as on an attempt to construct such a poetic world in which there might be a coordination between diverse currents determined by the Brahminian and the Buddhist ideas. In Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska's early poems affirmation, paradox, (self/auto)irony and degradation of loftiness are concurrent, which are characteristic of the Buddhist attitude to the world and there is also avoidance of reflection of ethical nature so characteristic of Brahminism.Part two. In the second part of the dissertation on the influence of Indian philosophy on Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska's views, these elements of her writings are analysed (such as miniaturisation, condensation, formal rigour, intellectualisation of lyricism), which reflected her way of thinking. The description also contains the next stage of writing activity of the author of Krystalizacje [Crystallisations] during which the poet gave up the affirmative amoralism, and in her poetry occurred a confrontation of the negativist assumptions of Brahminism with the Buddhist imperative of mercy. Along with the acceptance of the evaluative perspective in Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska's poetic diction elements of gnostic rhetoric began to appear in which she followed Schopenhauer, and in her writings the process of "decay of the poetic form" began to be more and more visible, which was described by critics, and which led through the poetics of a sketch and fragment in her later prewar works to the notebook-like last recordings of the war period

"Nasal vowels" in the language of children and young people (based on the spoken Polish language students from Belchatow

Niniejszy artykuł stanowi próbę ustalenia społecznego zasięgu wymowy wariantów tzw. samogłosek nosowych ę i M w najmłodszym pokoleniu Polaków, w tym przypadku mieszkańców Bełchatowa (woj. łódzkie). Zostali oni podzieleni na grupy ze względu na wiek oraz pochodzenie społeczne. W tekstach czytanych zmienna (ę) w pozycji wygłosowej w języku większości badanych realizowana była jako wariant ustny [e]. Jedynie u dzieci pochodzenia robotniczego pojawił się wariant [ę], co tłumaczy się wpływem pisma na wymowę. W tekstach mówionych dominującą realizacją był odnosowiony wariant [e]. Zmienna (M) w wygłosie, w tekstach czytanych, najczęściej wymawiana była zgodnie z normą jako nosowy wariant [M]. W tej samej pozycji, w tekstach mówionych, najczęściej występowała samogłoska nosowa [M]. Jednak najmłodsi informatorzy pochodzenia robotniczego realizowali tu połączenie [om], co może być wynikiem szerzenia się wymowy gwarowej południowej i wschodniej Polski na obszary Polski centralnej. W omawianej pozycji zarówno w wypadku (ę), jak i (M ) zanotowano liczne formy hiperpoprawne. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań można stwierdzić, że w tekstach czytanych, jak i mówionych wiek i pochodzenie społeczne respondentów nie miały wpływu na częstotliwość występowania samogłosek nosowych -ę i -M w śródgłosie wyrazów.The presented article is to determine the pronunciation spread of nasal vowels ę and M in the youngest generation of Belchatow’s people. They have been grouped by taking into consideration their age and social origin. In read texts the variable (ę), in word-final position in the language of the most of children being tested, was fulfilled as the variable [e]. Only in the case of working-class children the variable [ę] has occurred, which is explained by the writing influence on pronunciation. In spoken texts, the non-nasal variable [e] was in the ascendant. The variable (M), in its final position, in read texts was usually pronounced under canon of the nasal variable (M). In the same position, the nasal vowel [M] was the most common in spoken texts. However, the youngest communicants of working-class origin has made a combination [om], which can be a result of dialect pronunciation of Northern and Southern Poland being spread onto the central part of Poland. There has been many forms of hypercorrection of both (ę) and (M), in the discussed stand. On the grounds of the carried out research, it can be ascertained that, in both, read and spoken texts, age and social origin of respondents did not have any influence on the frequency of appearance of nasal vowels -ę and -M in mid-word position

Poetyka a światopogląd. O twórczości Marii Pawlikowskiej-lasnorzewskiej

Part ONE. This dissertation is devoted to the inspiration of Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska by the philosophy of the East, which she got to know through Arthur Schopenhauer's writings. The first part contains a description of the manner in which the poet interpreted the inconsistency of the conception of the German philosopher who tried to combine in one all the elements of various religious and philosophical trends coming from India. We can look on Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska's works of the pre-World War II years as on a peculiar literary adaptation of these various ideas, and, to be more exact, as on an attempt to construct such a poetic world in which there might be a coordination between diverse currents determined by the Brahminian and the Buddhist ideas. In Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska's early poems affirmation, paradox, (self/auto)irony and degradation of loftiness are concurrent, which are characteristic of the Buddhist attitude to the world and there is also avoidance of reflection of ethical nature so characteristic of Brahminism.Part two. In the second part of the dissertation on the influence of Indian philosophy on Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska's views, these elements of her writings are analysed (such as miniaturisation, condensation, formal rigour, intellectualisation of lyricism), which reflected her way of thinking. The description also contains the next stage of writing activity of the author of Krystalizacje [Crystallisations] during which the poet gave up the affirmative amoralism, and in her poetry occurred a confrontation of the negativist assumptions of Brahminism with the Buddhist imperative of mercy. Along with the acceptance of the evaluative perspective in Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska's poetic diction elements of gnostic rhetoric began to appear in which she followed Schopenhauer, and in her writings the process of "decay of the poetic form" began to be more and more visible, which was described by critics, and which led through the poetics of a sketch and fragment in her later prewar works to the notebook-like last recordings of the war period.Part ONE. This dissertation is devoted to the inspiration of Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska by the philosophy of the East, which she got to know through Arthur Schopenhauer's writings. The first part contains a description of the manner in which the poet interpreted the inconsistency of the conception of the German philosopher who tried to combine in one all the elements of various religious and philosophical trends coming from India. We can look on Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska's works of the pre-World War II years as on a peculiar literary adaptation of these various ideas, and, to be more exact, as on an attempt to construct such a poetic world in which there might be a coordination between diverse currents determined by the Brahminian and the Buddhist ideas. In Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska's early poems affirmation, paradox, (self/auto)irony and degradation of loftiness are concurrent, which are characteristic of the Buddhist attitude to the world and there is also avoidance of reflection of ethical nature so characteristic of Brahminism.Part two. In the second part of the dissertation on the influence of Indian philosophy on Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska's views, these elements of her writings are analysed (such as miniaturisation, condensation, formal rigour, intellectualisation of lyricism), which reflected her way of thinking. The description also contains the next stage of writing activity of the author of Krystalizacje [Crystallisations] during which the poet gave up the affirmative amoralism, and in her poetry occurred a confrontation of the negativist assumptions of Brahminism with the Buddhist imperative of mercy. Along with the acceptance of the evaluative perspective in Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska's poetic diction elements of gnostic rhetoric began to appear in which she followed Schopenhauer, and in her writings the process of "decay of the poetic form" began to be more and more visible, which was described by critics, and which led through the poetics of a sketch and fragment in her later prewar works to the notebook-like last recordings of the war period

Miłosz w sporze z formą poetycką

Czesław Miłosz accompanied his poetry with an extensive body of self-reflective writings, developed over many years. It is characterised by, on the one hand, a relative constancy of recurring motifs, and on the other, an equally constant tendency to juxtapose the motifs in variously defined binary systems. The analysis of connections that occur not so much between the elements of specific antinomies, but, on a higher level, between separate antinomies (especially between values ascribed to poles of the oppositions), makes it possible to notice that many of the antinomies cannot be subjected to easy reconciliations, but rather exclude each other. This makes it possible to understand why Miłosz’s thought seems to be systematic. Above all, however, it allows us to look, in a new way, at the feats of Miłosz’s constant struggle against poetic form – immanent contradictions and inconsistencies of Miłosz’s reflection become interesting only when they are referred to the order of creation and its disturbing metamorphoses

Arthrofibrosis after TKA - Influence factors on the absolute flexion and gain in flexion after manipulation under anaesthesia

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Stiffness with decreased range of motion (ROM) has been described as a frustrating complication after TKA. If all methods of physiotherapeutic treatment have been exhausted trying to develop ROM, manipulation under anaesthesia (MUA) can be discussed. The aim of the present study was to show the effect of MUA and to determine the influence of BMI, number of previous surgical procedures, pre-MUA ROM and timing of MUA for the results after MUA in regard to absolute flexion and gain in flexion.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>858 patients underwent TKA at our institution between 2004 and 2009. 39 of these patients underwent MUA because of postoperative knee stiffness. The data were retrospective analysed for the influence of BMI, pre-MUA flexion (</≥ 70°), timing of MUA (>/≤ 30 days after TKA) and number of previous surgery on the results after MUA (absolute Flexion/gain in flexion).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The prevalence for stiffness after TKA was 4.54%. There was a statistically significant improvement in flexion not only directly after MUA but also 6 weeks after MUA. Patients with two or more previous operations before TKA showed statistically significant worse results six weeks after MUA in absolute flexion and gain in flexion</p> <p>(p = 0.039) than patients with one or two previous operations. No statistical significance in absolute flexion (p = 0.655) and gain in flexion (p = 0.328) after MUA between "early" and "late" was detected. The stiffer knees with a flexion below 70° showed significantly worse results (p = 0.044) in absolute flexion six weeks after MUA, but they also had statistical statistically better results with regard to gain in flexion (p ≤ 0.001).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>MUA is a good instrument for improving ROM after TKA. The time between TKA and MUA seems less important, so different types of physiotherapeutic treatment could be tried before the procedure is started. MUA in patients with many previous operations and a flexion of less than 70° before MUA is not as effective as in other patients, but they also benefit from MUA.</p

ЧЕРЛЕНІ ЩИТИ ДРУЖИНИ: ДО ІСТОРІЇ ГАЛИЦЬКОГО ЗБРОЄННЯ ХІІ–ХІІІ ст.

This study is explored the development of military affairs on the territory of the Galician land. Such factor as armaments allows us to trace and characterize the military culture of the local population. We can also trace its interconnections and influences with neighboring territories. The issue of the study of weapons science is very important in the 10th–13th centuries since at that time the question of military affairs is come out to a new level in its development. This the study of certain details and armaments became of great importance in the development of the military affairs of the early and late Middle Ages. It makes it possible to better understand the issues related to the military culture that was formed in a particular region.В дослідженні висвітлюється розвиток військової справи на території Галицької землі. Саме предмети озброєння виступають тим чинником, який дозволяє простежити й схарактеризувати військову культуру галицького воїна, також його взаємозв’язок і вплив з дружинниками сусідніх територій. Підняте в статті питання зброєзнавства є важливим і при вивченні в хронологічному відтинку часу Х–ХІ та ХІІ–ХІІІ ст., адже на другому періоді військова справа зазнала чималих змін згодом військова справа вийшла на новий щабель свого розвитку

Agroturystyka w rejonie Borów Tucholskich – stan i uwarunkowania

Уменьшение роли сельского хозяйства, особенно в области обеспечения занятости и доходов населения, привело к изменению в направлениях развития сельских районов. Создание более качественных условий жизни в сельской местности не может быть достигнуто только за счет развития сельскохозяйственного производства. Рост предпринимательской инициативы в сельской местности существенно влияет на улучшение благосостояния сельских жителей. Агротуризм может стать потенциальным источником дохода и рабочих мест для сельского населения, а также важным элементом в возрождении сельского хозяйства и рассматривается как наиболее перспективное направление для развития сельских районов, которые сталкиваются с рядом проблем. Стоит отметить, что увеличение активности населения и экономическое развитие сельских районов не создает угроз для окружающей среды и особо охраняемых природных территорий, если выбирать такой способ использования сельскохозяйственных земель, который, с одной стороны, обеспечит им надлежащую защиту, а с другой – позволит удовлетворить основное условие устойчивого развития. The increasing role of agriculture led to changes in areas of rural development. The growth of entre-preneurial initiatives in rural areas significantly affects the improvement of welfare of rural residents. Among the most important factors of this development – in addition to the food industry, trade and services – is considered to be rural tourism. Agritourism is a potential source of income and employment for the rural population, as well as an important element in the revival of agriculture