Influence of energy balance on the antimicrobial peptides S100A8 and S100A9 in the endometrium of the postpartum dairy cow

Uterine inflammation occurs after calving in association with extensive endometrial remodelling and bacterial contamination. If the inflammation persists, it leads to reduced fertility. Chronic endometritis is highly prevalent in high-yielding cows that experience negative energy balance (NEB) in early lactation. This study investigated the effect of NEB on the antimicrobial peptides S100A8 and S100A9 in involuting uteri collected 2 weeks post partum. Holstein-Friesian cows (six per treatment) were randomly allocated to two interventions designed to produce mild or severe NEB (MNEB and SNEB) status. Endometrial samples were examined histologically, and the presence of neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes and natural killer cells was confirmed using haematoxylin and eosin and immunostaining. SNEB cows had greater signs of uterine inflammation. Samples of previously gravid uterine horn were used to localise S100A8 and S100A9 by immunohistochemistry. Both S100 proteins were present in bovine endometrium with strong staining in epithelial and stromal cells and in infiltrated leucocytes. Immunostaining was significantly higher in SNEB cows along with increased numbers of segmented neutrophils. These results suggest that the metabolic changes of a post-partum cow suffering from NEB delay uterine involution and promote a chronic state of inflammation. We show that upregulation of S100A8 and S100A9 is clearly a key component of the early endometrial response to uterine infection. Further studies are warranted to link the extent of this response after calving to the likelihood of cows developing endometritis and to their subsequent fertility

Systematic review: conservative treatments for secondary lymphedema

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Several conservative (i.e., nonpharmacologic, nonsurgical) treatments exist for secondary lymphedema. The optimal treatment is unknown. We examined the effectiveness of conservative treatments for secondary lymphedema, as well as harms related to these treatments.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We searched MEDLINE^®, EMBASE^®, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials^®, AMED, and CINAHL from 1990 to January 19, 2010. We obtained English- and non-English-language randomized controlled trials or observational studies (with comparison groups) that reported primary effectiveness data on conservative treatments for secondary lymphedema. For English-language studies, we extracted data in tabular form and summarized the tables descriptively. For non-English-language studies, we summarized the results descriptively and discussed similarities with the English-language studies.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Thirty-six English-language and eight non-English-language studies were included in the review. Most of these studies involved upper-limb lymphedema secondary to breast cancer. Despite lymphedema's chronicity, lengths of follow-up in most studies were under 6 months. Many trial reports contained inadequate descriptions of randomization, blinding, and methods to assess harms. Most observational studies did not control for confounding. Many studies showed that active treatments reduced the size of lymphatic limbs, although extensive between-study heterogeneity in areas such as treatment comparisons and protocols, and outcome measures, prevented us from assessing whether any one treatment was superior. This heterogeneity also precluded us from statistically pooling results. Harms were rare (< 1% incidence) and mostly minor (e.g., headache, arm pain).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The literature contains no evidence to suggest the most effective treatment for secondary lymphedema. Harms are few and unlikely to cause major clinical problems.</p

Oxidation Regulates the Inflammatory Properties of the Murine S100 Protein S100A8

The myeloid cell-derived calcium-binding murine protein, S100A8, is secreted to act as a chemotactic factor at picomolar concentrations, stimulating recruitment of myeloid cells to inflammatory sites, S100A8 may be exposed to oxygen metabolites, particularly hypochlorite, the major oxidant generated by activated neutrophils at inflammatory sites. Here we show that hypochlorite oxidizes the single Cys residue (Cys(41)) of S100A8. Electrospray mass spectrometry and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis indicated that low concentrations of hypochlorite (40 mu M) converted 70-80% of S100A8 to the disulfide-linked homodimer, The mass was 20,707 Da, 92 Da more than expected, indicating additional oxidation of susceptible amino acids (possibly methionine). Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate activation of differentiated HL-60 granulocytic cells generated an oxidative burst that was sufficient to efficiently oxidize exogenous S100A8 within 10 min, and results implicate involvement of the myeloperoxidase system. Moreover, disulfide-linked dimer was identified in lung lavage fluid of mice with endotoxin-induced pulmonary injury. S100A8 dimer was inactive in chemotaxis and failed to recruit leukocytes in vivo. Positive chemotactic activity of recombinant Ala(41)S100A8 indicated that Cys41 was not essential for function and suggested that covalent dimerization may structurally modify accessibility of the chemotactic hinge domain. Disulfide-dependent dimerization may be a physiologically significant regulatory mechanism controlling S100A8-provoked leukocyte recruitment

Modes of prayer : Arabic Maqāmāt in the Sabbath morning liturgical music of Syrian Jews in Brooklyn.

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Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy has a Lower Risk of Postoperative Bleeding Than Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

Measures to reduce postoperative bleeding (POB) after bariatric surgery is skewed toward laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). We use 2015 Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program (MBSAQIP) to characterize the differences in bleeding rates between LSG and laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypasses (LRYGB). Propensity score matching and multivariable logistic regressions tested for independent differences in POB rates. A total of 168,093 patients from 742 centers were identified in the data set. After selection 36,925 patients with LRYGB and 20,020 patients with LSG were included in the analysis. A total of 710 (1.25%) patient suffered a POB. The independent odds of POB were 38% lower for patients having LSG compared with those having LRYGB (odds ratio, 0.62; 95% confidence interval=0.51-0.76). This difference is more pronounced with intraoperative securing of the staple line. Appropriate measures to reduce POB after each type of bariatric procedure is warranted