Diabetes Oral Nursing Intervention

Purpose : This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a diabetes oral nursing intervention program for individuals with diabetes. Methods : Fifty-six participants with diabetes underwent a diabetes oral nursing intervention program. The program’s effect was evaluated through questionnaires and small interviews. The modified diabetes oral health assessment tool (M-DiOHAT©) was used to assess and educate four factors ; oral conditions, behaviors, perceptions and knowledge about diabetes and periodontal disease, and health information-sharing, among participants at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months later. Primary outcomes included changes in the M-DiOHAT© total scores. Secondary outcomes included scores on the motivation stage of changes in oral health behaviors’ scales, dental visits, number of present teeth, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and participants’ comments. Results : The M-DiOHAT© total score and the motivation stage score significantly improved with the narrative comment of “being motivated to practice oral health behaviors” between the baseline and 12 months later. Eight participants visited the dentist, whereas no differences were observed in the number of present teeth or HbA1c. Conclusions : This program improved participants’ M-DiOHAT© total score, motivation stage score, and dental visits. These results suggest the program improved oral health perceptions and behaviors among individuals with diabetes

ORAL HEALTH AND SELF-EFFICACY

Background : Bidirectional relationships exist between diabetes and periodontal disease. Fostering timely oral health assessments of patients with diabetes, the modified diabetes oral health assessment tool (M-DiOHATⓒ) for nurses was studied. The DiOHATⓒ has four factors, namely oral health conditions, oral hygiene behaviors, perception and knowledge, and health record sharing. It was modified as the M-DiOHATⓒ scale. To change people's health behaviors, “efficacy beliefs" and “outcome expectancies" are important. However, no studies have been reported that addressed efficacy beliefs and outcome expectancies of oral health conditions and behaviors of patients with diabetes. Objective : To clarify the oral health conditions and behaviors of patients with diabetes using the M-DiOHATⓒ, and to describe their associations with the Self-Efficacy Scale for Self-Care (SESS)/the Outcome Expectancy Scale for Self-Care (OESS). Methods : Twenty-eight patients with diabetes participated in the study. Their personal characteristics were determined from the items of self-efficacy for brushing of the teeth (SE-B), self-efficacy for dental consultations (SE-DC), OESS that are comprised of three factors, namely, the social outcome expectancy (OE-Social), oral outcome expectancy (OE-Oral), and self-evaluative outcome expectancy (OE-Self), and the M-DiOHATⓒ. Results : Forty-three percent of patients had retained their expected number of present teeth, and 68% of them had dental problems. The scores of health record sharing were low, and patients who were under 65 years old had fewer “expected number of present teeth," and lower SE-B/oral health conditions scores than those patients aged over 65 years. The scores of oral hygiene behaviors were significantly correlated with the SE-B scores, SE-DC, OE-Oral, and OE-Self. However, the oral health conditions showed no correlation with SE-B, SE-DC, OESS. Conclusion : The findings suggest that nursing interventions to promote SE-B, SE-DC, and OESS could be effective in enhancing patients' oral hygiene behaviors. However, severity of patients' periodontal disease require different types of dental self-efficacy procedures

Basal insulin ratio of type 1 diabetes

Aims/Introduction: To investigate the basal insulin requirement in patients with type 1 diabetes who are on multiple daily injections (MDI) and to assess the patient characteristics that affect the percent of total daily basal insulin dose to the total daily insulin dose (%TBD/TDD). Materials and Methods: The subjects of this study were 67 inpatients with type 1 diabetes who were served diabetic meals of 25–30 kcal/kg standard body weight during several weeks of hospitalization. The basal insulin requirement was adjusted to keep the blood glucose level from bedtime to before breakfast within a 30 mg/dL difference. The bolus insulin dose before the meal was adjusted to keep the blood glucose level below 140 and 200 mg/dL before and 2 h after each meal, respectively. The total daily insulin dose (TDD), the percent of total daily basal insulin dose (TBD) to TDD (%TBD/TDD), and clinical characteristics were collected. Results: The median (Q1, Q3) of TDD was 33.0 (26.0, 49.0) units, and the %TBD/TDD was 24.1 ± 9.8%. The %TBD/TDD was positively correlated with the body mass index (BMI) and negatively correlated with the age at the onset and at the examination according to a univariate analysis. However, the %TBD/TDD was dependent on the BMI (β = 0.340, P = 0.004) and the age at examination (β = −0.288, P = 0.012) according to the multiple regression analysis. Conclusions: The average %TBD/TDD in patients with type 1 diabetes on MDI was approximately 24% under inpatient conditions. The basal insulin requirement was dependent on the BMI and the age at examination

A case of isolated ACTH deficiency that required 6 months for the diagnosis from onset

A 53-year-old man noticed anorexia, nausea, and arthralgia of the upper limbs in April, 201X. Since these symptoms persisted, he visited general hospital and clinic and was examined for blood chemistry, ECG, echocardiography and so on. However, he did not get a definitive diagnosis and was followed up with drip infusion of saline. The symptoms did not subside and fatigue and syncope with hypotension developed. Furthermore, he also suffered weight loss of 10 kg in few months and was referred to our hospital for more detailed examinations in October, 201X. Upon the initial examination, all his symptoms matched those of adrenal insufficiency and notable decreases of both plasma ACTH and serum cortisol level were observed. Prompt glucocorticoid supplementation improved his symptoms and the abnormal laboratory data immediately. He was diagnosed adrenal insufficiency due to isolated ACTH deficiency from the results of CRH loading test and insulin tolerance test. Since most of the symptoms and laboratory findings are non-specific, diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency is often delayed. However, adrenal insufficiency could worsen when the patient is under stress (e.g. infection) and often be life-threatening. Glucocorticoid replacement therapy should be initiated as soon as the diagnosis is confirmed. Furthermore, educating patients and his families plays a very important role in the management of chronic adrenal insufficiency, in particular to the prevention of adrenal crisis

循環アポリポプロテインL1はインスリン抵抗性が引き起こす脂質代謝異常に関連する

Circulating ApolipoproteinL1 (ApoL1) is a component of pre-β-high-density lipoprotein (HDL), however little is known about the relationship of ApoL1 with cardiometabolic factors. Considering previous studies reporting the correlation of ApoL1 to triglyceride, we have hypothesized that ApoL1 associates with insulin-related metabolism. The current study examined their associations in 126 non-diabetic subjects and 36 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Non-diabetic subjects demonstrated triglyceride (standardized coefficients [s.c.] = 0.204, p < 0.05), body mass index (s.c. =0.232, p < 0.05) and HDL cholesterol (s.c. = −0.203, p < 0.05) as independent determinant of ApoL1 levels, and the significant elevation of ApoL1 in metabolic syndrome. Lipoprotein fractionation analysis revealed the predominant distribution of ApoL1 in large HDL fraction, and the significant increase of ApoL1 in large LDL fraction in high ApoL1 samples with insulin resistance. In T2DM, ApoL1 was higher in T2DM with metabolic syndrome, however ApoL1 was lower with β cell dysfunction. Insulin significantly promotes ApoL1 synthesis and secretion in HepG2 cells. In conclusion, circulating ApoL1 may be associated with abnormal HDL metabolism in insulin resistant status. This may suggest a regulation of insulin signal on the ApoL1 level, leading to offer a novel insight to the ApoL1 biology

A case of Cushing’s syndrome detected by repeated fragility fractures

A ３８-year-old woman had suffered from an avulsion fracture of the left cuboid bone, a rib fracture, a fatigue fracture of the left second metatarsal bone and a pubic fracture within the last ４ years. She also realized that her face was getting rounded and became aware of edema on extremities. She had repeated fragile fractures before menopause and was referred to our department on suspicion of secondary osteoporosis. The patients showed physical signs of moon face, central obesity, and abdominal violaceous striae. Cushing’s syndrome was suspected, therefore confirmatory studies were performed. Circadian variation of cortisol : serum cortisol１９．３μg／dL（at７：００）, ２１．４μg／dL（at２３：００）, urinary free cortisol :２４７．４μg／２４h, ACTH :２．５pg／mL. Low-dose（１mg） dexamethasone did not suppress cortisol level（１８．９μg/dL）. Based on these findings, we diagnosed as Cushing’s syndrome and glucocorticoid excess seemed to be the cause of secondary osteoporosis. Abdominal CT identified a ２．７ cm tumor in the left adrenal gland, and in-phase T１‐weighted MRI showed decreased signal compared to out-phase, suggesting an adrenocortical adenoma. She underwent laparoscopic left adrenalectomy. Postoperative fasting serum cortisol decreased to２．２ μg/dL, and glucocorticoid replacement therapy was started. It is necessary to find out any secondary causes for premenopausal women with fragility fractures. It is well known that endocrine disorders including Cushing’s syndrome are the most frequent associated diseases in patients with premenopausal osteoporosis. Cushing’s syndrome should be considered as a causative disease in premenopausal women with osteoporosis

ISR-DEPENDENT METABOLIC REGULATION

The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) phosphorylation‐dependent integrated stress response (ISR), a component of the unfolded protein response, has long been known to regulate intermediary metabolism, but the details are poorly worked out. We report that profiling of mRNAs of transgenic mice harboring a ligand‐activated skeletal muscle–specific derivative of the eIF2α protein kinase R‐like ER kinase revealed the expected up‐regulation of genes involved in amino acid biosynthesis and transport but also uncovered the induced expression and secretion of a myokine, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), that stimulates energy consumption and prevents obesity. The link between the ISR and FGF21 expression was further reinforced by the identification of a small‐molecule ISR activator that promoted Fgf21 expression in cell‐based screens and by implication of the ISR‐inducible activating transcription factor 4 in the process. Our findings establish that eIF2α phosphorylation regulates not only cell‐autonomous proteostasis and amino acid metabolism, but also affects non‐cell‐autonomous metabolic regulation by induced expression of a potent myokine.—Miyake, M., Nomura, A., Ogura, A., Takehana, K., Kitahara, Y., Takahara, K., Tsugawa, K., Miyamoto, C., Miura, N., Sato, R., Kurahashi, K., Harding, H. P., Oyadomari, M., Ron, D., Oyadomari, S. Skeletal muscle‐specific eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α phosphorylation controls amino acid metabolism and fibroblast growth factor 21‐mediated non‐cell‐autonomous energy metabolism

Novel method for detection of pancreatic beta cell death using cell-free DNA

In people with type１ diabetes（T１D）, biomarkers that can sensitively and quantitatively evaluate injury of pancreatic beta cell are required in order to predict the onset of the disease at an early stage and to provide interventions to prevent the progression of the disease. We developed a new method for quantifying pancreatic beta cell-derived insulin DNA in circulation that combines bisulfite conversion and Amplification Refractory Mutation System（ARMS）PCR, which can be performed using a conventional real-time PCR system. We applied this method to T１D patients and healthy adults, both could be detected in about ３０％ of cases. The results in healthy adults indicate that this method may have sensitivity to detect the turnover of pancreatic beta cells at physiological conditions. In post-onset T１D patients, there were many negatives because the amount of residual pancreatic beta cells was extremely small. However, in some cases with a short duration of the disease, pancreatic beta cell-derived insulin DNA was detected in negative correlation between the duration of the disease, that suggested the residual pancreatic beta cells continue to be slowly destroyed. It was demonstrated that the time course of pathophysiology in T１D could be understood using this method

CHH with Early-Onset CAD

The patient with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) shows low serum levels of androgen, which is a group of sex hormones including testosterone, caused by the decreased gonadotropin release in the hypothalamus. Recent reports showed androgens exert protective effects against insulin resistance or atherosclerotic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus or coronary artery disease. However, whether the juvenile hypogonadism affects the diabetes or cardiovascular disease is unclear. We report a case of a middle-aged man with congenital HH who had severe coronary artery disease complicated with metabolic disorders

2ガタ トウニョウビョウ カンジャ ニオケル ケットウ シヒョウ ト ゲンエン ガ モタラス ケツアツ テイカ トノ レンカン

Background : The majority of patients with type２diabetes mellitus（T２DM）have hypertension, leading to serious cardiovascular events, including acute myocardial infarction, heart failure and stroke. Therefore, blood pressure（BP）control is a critical issue in patients with T２DM. Although sodium restriction is known to reduce BP, it is unclear what factors are associated with sodium restriction-induced BP reduction in T２DM patients. Subjects and Methods : A retrospective analysis was performed in hospitalized patients with T２DM（６６males and６１females, mean age :５８．１±１４．２years, mean HbA１c :９．５±２．０％）. They received diet therapy including sodium restriction as NaCl of５to８g/day during admission. The relationship between changes in systolic BP（SBP）during admission and clinical parameters at the time of admission was statistically analyzed. Results : Mean SBP in the sodium-restricted patients was significantly reduced during admission（ from １３０．２±１６．１ to １２２．７±１３．９ mmHg, p＜０．０１）. Multiple regression analysis showed that serum creatinine levels and presence of hypertension were inversely associated with and that initial SBP value was positively associated with the change in SBP. On the other hand, no glycemic parameters, including fasting plasma glucose levels, HbA１c, M values calculated from daily blood glucose profile, duration of T２DM and duration of hospitalization, were associated with the change in SBP. Conclusion : Sodium restriction-induced BP reduction in T２DM patients was associated with presence of hypertension, serum creatinine levels and initial SBP values. Sodium restriction is a useful treatment for T２DM patients regardless of their glycemic condition