845 research outputs found
Counting descents, rises, and levels, with prescribed first element, in words
Recently, Kitaev and Remmel [Classifying descents according to parity, Annals
of Combinatorics, to appear 2007] refined the well-known permutation statistic
``descent'' by fixing parity of one of the descent's numbers. Results in that
paper were extended and generalized in several ways. In this paper, we shall
fix a set partition of the natural numbers , , and we study
the distribution of descents, levels, and rises according to whether the first
letter of the descent, rise, or level lies in over the set of words over
the alphabet . In particular, we refine and generalize some of the results
in [Counting occurrences of some subword patterns, Discrete Mathematics and
Theoretical Computer Science 6 (2003), 001-012.].Comment: 20 pages, sections 3 and 4 are adde
Distributions of several infinite families of mesh patterns
Br\"and\'en and Claesson introduced mesh patterns to provide explicit
expansions for certain permutation statistics as linear combinations of
(classical) permutation patterns. The first systematic study of avoidance of
mesh patterns was conducted by Hilmarsson et al., while the first systematic
study of the distribution of mesh patterns was conducted by the first two
authors.
In this paper, we provide far-reaching generalizations for 8 known
distribution results and 5 known avoidance results related to mesh patterns by
giving distribution or avoidance formulas for certain infinite families of mesh
patterns in terms of distribution or avoidance formulas for smaller patterns.
Moreover, as a corollary to a general result, we find the distribution of one
more mesh pattern of length 2.Comment: 27 page
Enumerating Segmented Patterns in Compositions and Encoding by Restricted Permutations
A composition of a nonnegative integer (n) is a sequence of positive integers
whose sum is (n). A composition is palindromic if it is unchanged when its
terms are read in reverse order. We provide a generating function for the
number of occurrences of arbitrary segmented partially ordered patterns among
compositions of (n) with a prescribed number of parts. These patterns
generalize the notions of rises, drops, and levels studied in the literature.
We also obtain results enumerating parts with given sizes and locations among
compositions and palindromic compositions with a given number of parts. Our
results are motivated by "encoding by restricted permutations," a relatively
undeveloped method that provides a language for describing many combinatorial
objects. We conclude with some examples demonstrating bijections between
restricted permutations and other objects.Comment: 12 pages, 1 figur
Fermionic quantum computation
We define a model of quantum computation with local fermionic modes (LFMs) --
sites which can be either empty or occupied by a fermion. With the standard
correspondence between the Foch space of LFMs and the Hilbert space of
qubits, simulation of one fermionic gate takes qubit gates and vice
versa. We show that using different encodings, the simulation cost can be
reduced to and a constant, respectively. Nearest-neighbors
fermionic gates on a graph of bounded degree can be simulated at a constant
cost. A universal set of fermionic gates is found. We also study computation
with Majorana fermions which are basically halves of LFMs. Some connection to
qubit quantum codes is made.Comment: 18 pages, Latex; one reference adde
Pattern-avoiding alternating words
A word is alternating if either
(when the word is up-down) or (when the word is
down-up). In this paper, we initiate the study of (pattern-avoiding)
alternating words. We enumerate up-down (equivalently, down-up) words via
finding a bijection with order ideals of a certain poset. Further, we show that
the number of 123-avoiding up-down words of even length is given by the
Narayana numbers, which is also the case, shown by us bijectively, with
132-avoiding up-down words of even length. We also give formulas for
enumerating all other cases of avoidance of a permutation pattern of length 3
on alternating words
Avoiding vincular patterns on alternating words
A word is alternating if either
(when the word is up-down) or (when the word is
down-up). The study of alternating words avoiding classical permutation
patterns was initiated by the authors in~\cite{GKZ}, where, in particular, it
was shown that 123-avoiding up-down words of even length are counted by the
Narayana numbers.
However, not much was understood on the structure of 123-avoiding up-down
words. In this paper, we fill in this gap by introducing the notion of a
cut-pair that allows us to subdivide the set of words in question into
equivalence classes. We provide a combinatorial argument to show that the
number of equivalence classes is given by the Catalan numbers, which induces an
alternative (combinatorial) proof of the corresponding result in~\cite{GKZ}.
Further, we extend the enumerative results in~\cite{GKZ} to the case of
alternating words avoiding a vincular pattern of length 3. We show that it is
sufficient to enumerate up-down words of even length avoiding the consecutive
pattern and up-down words of odd length avoiding the
consecutive pattern to answer all of our enumerative
questions. The former of the two key cases is enumerated by the Stirling
numbers of the second kind.Comment: 25 pages; To appear in Discrete Mathematic
Disordered Topological Insulators via -Algebras
The theory of almost commuting matrices can be used to quantify topological
obstructions to the existence of localized Wannier functions with time-reversal
symmetry in systems with time-reversal symmetry and strong spin-orbit coupling.
We present a numerical procedure that calculates a Z_2 invariant using these
techniques, and apply it to a model of HgTe. This numerical procedure allows us
to access sizes significantly larger than procedures based on studying twisted
boundary conditions. Our numerical results indicate the existence of a metallic
phase in the presence of scattering between up and down spin components, while
there is a sharp transition when the system decouples into two copies of the
quantum Hall effect. In addition to the Z_2 invariant calculation in the case
when up and down components are coupled, we also present a simple method of
evaluating the integer invariant in the quantum Hall case where they are
decoupled.Comment: Added detail regarding the mapping of almost commuting unitary
matrices to almost commuting Hermitian matrices that form an approximate
representation of the sphere. 6 pages, 6 figure
Topological phases of fermions in one dimension
In this paper we show how the classification of topological phases in
insulators and superconductors is changed by interactions, in the case of 1D
systems. We focus on the TR-invariant Majorana chain (BDI symmetry class).
While the band classification yields an integer topological index , it is
known that phases characterized by values of in the same equivalence class
modulo 8 can be adiabatically transformed one to another by adding suitable
interaction terms. Here we show that the eight equivalence classes are distinct
and exhaustive, and provide a physical interpretation for the interacting
invariant modulo 8. The different phases realize different Altland-Zirnbauer
classes of the reduced density matrix for an entanglement bipartition into two
half-chains. We generalize these results to the classification of all one
dimensional gapped phases of fermionic systems with possible anti-unitary
symmetries, utilizing the algebraic framework of central extensions. We use
matrix product state methods to prove our results.Comment: 14 pages, 3 figures, v2: references adde
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