CRANIAL AND POST-CRANIAL TRAUMATIC INJURY PATTERNS IN VAN CASTLE MOUND MEDIEVAL POPULATION

The excavations conducted at Van Castle Mound, East Anatolia, between 1987 and 2010 uncovered a total of 328 human skeletons dating back to the Medieval period. Thirty trauma cases were identified within the collection, constituting 9.14% of the entire population. Typology and distribution of the trauma among different sexes indicated that depression fractures, oblique fractures, comminuted fractures, and head deformation were more frequently observed in male skeletons, while a post-fractural infection appeared only in a female skeleton. Trauma cases were more common on post-cranial bones. In addition, a trepanned cranial specimen belonging to a mature individual is identified in which grooving technique was performed. Most of the observed trauma cases were related to heavy labor, unsafe working conditions, and challenges of everyday agrarian life. Previous paleopathological studies from the Medieval Van Castle Mound also indicates an insufficient nutritation and high physical stress.Peer reviewe

Eye movements and brain oscillations to symbolic safety signs with different comprehensibility

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate eye movements and brain oscillations to symbolic safety signs with different comprehensibility. Methods: Forty-two young adults participated in this study, and ten traffic symbols consisting of easy-to-comprehend and hard-to-comprehend signs were used as stimuli. During the sign comprehension test, real-time eye movements and spontaneous brain activity [electroencephalogram (EEG) data] were simultaneously recorded. Results: The comprehensibility level of symbolic traffic signs significantly affects eye movements and EEG spectral power. The harder to comprehend the sign is, the slower the blink rate, the larger the pupil diameter, and the longer the time to first fixation. Noticeable differences on EEG spectral power between easy-to-comprehend and hard-to-comprehend signs are observed in the prefrontal and visual cortex of the human brain. Conclusions: Sign comprehensibility has significant effects on real-time nonintrusive eye movements and brain oscillations. These findings demonstrate the potential to integrate physiological measures from eye movements and brain oscillations with existing evaluation methods in assessing the comprehensibility of symbolic safety signs.open

Fiscal Framework Changes in European Monetary Union Before and After Sovereign Debt Crisis

WOS: 000409545700009The most important element holding possibility to destroy stability in monetary unions is fiscal policies left under monopoly of countries. There have been debt and public finance policies conducted by member states causing sovereign debt crisis triggered by Global Crunch in Eurozone. Therefore, fiscal framework of European Monetary Union is examined in the study. Fiscal rules adopted by Treaty of Maastricht being the founding charter of European Union and additional measures taken due to hinder experienced are assessed besides theoretical foundations of fiscal policies recommended for Monetary Unions. During analysis of the process, it is remarkable that both such rules and measures taken afterwards have followed each other however, that radical changes have not actually occurred. Only restrictions to national policies have been used instead of common policies in the fiscal field to prevent Eurozone member states to deprive fiscal policies: the only tool, which may be used to handle asymmetrical shocks. However, it is observed that sanctions on the implementation of rules adopted for the fiscal field have always been weak and could, from time to time, easily be broken despite the fact that such rules are qualified as binding

A Theoretical Study of Adam Smith's State Concept

WOS: 000435000700004The purpose of this study is to throw light on the state, one of the most important structures in social sciences and its functions. This great structure on which the discussions have not been ended and which has been defined in terms of every social science. For this purpose, the ideas of Adam Smith who handled and examined the state in terms of its functions especially in economic realm were prioritised general overview of the state. Since, Adam Smith's conception of the state presents a different content than the other prominent mainstream economic thinkers of his time. In order to understand Smith's thought system and his views of state from a managerial perspective, his views in his two primary works - The Theory of Moral Sentiments and The Wealth of Nations and other discussions concerned with these views in literature were included in this study

The reasons of eurozone sovereign debt crisis and an empirical analysis over permanency of the crisis

This study aims to review how the Eurozone has been formed and to analyze how it has been formed on weak roots, both in public finance and politics. Contrary to economical ideas, political grounds tested the endeavor of creating a powerful the monetary union. Hence, it was very clean to predict upcoming the debt crisis. According to those assumptions known, pre-crisis problems of the countries has been reviewed. Latter, the crisis' permanency has been tested via PANKPSS if it's permanent or not? Mainstream acknowledgement on the literature agrees on the crisis is permanent and might lead to dire consequences. Nevertheless, nexus between those countries which has been forged by political bounds cannot be broken by that crisis; thus, the Eurozone might not be break down. © 2015, Econjournals. All rights reserved

Comprehensibility of traffic signs among urban drivers in Turkey

Traffic signs are commonly used traffic safety tools, mainly developed to provide crucial information in a short time to support safe drive; but the success depends on their comprehensibility by the drivers. Also, a sudden change in the traditionally used and accepted signs can cause significant safety problem, as in the case of cancellation of red oblique bars in 2004 as a part of the European Union Harmonization Process of Turkey

Affecting factors and relationship between patients' attitudes towards the nursing profession and perceptions of nursing care in a university hospital

Objective: To evaluate affecting factors and the relationship between patients' attitudes towards the nursing profession and perceptions of nursing care. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Hafsa Sultan Hospital of Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey, from September to November 2014, and comprised inpatients. Data was collected by using a patient information form, the attitude scale for the nursing profession and the patient perception of hospital experience with nursing care scale. SPSS 21 was used for data analysis. Results: Of the 604 participants, 320(53%) were female and 266(44%) were aged 60 years or above. Mean satisfaction level on the patient perception scale was 70.79±6.69, and on the attitude scale 176.77±11.63. A positive, statistically significant relationship was found between the two scores (p< 0.01). It was detected that the age for patient perception of nursing care, and gender and education level for patients' attitudes towards the nursing profession were the affecting factors (p<0.05 each). Conclusion: Nursing care satisfaction and positive attitudes towards the nursing profession increased while patients' perceptions of nursing care improved. © 2017, Pakistan Medical Association. All rights reserved

How Much Traffic Signs in Iran Are Usable? A Use of System Usability Scale (SUS)

The huge rate of road accidents in Iran demonstrates the necessity of implementing prevention interventions in this field. Traffic signs are communication tools for passing information to the road users. However, misunderstanding of their messages could be a major cause of road accidents. The aim of the present study was to measure the usability of traffic signs used in rural and urban areas of Iran. 356 Iranians licensed drivers (39.0 years ± 9.7) were requested to rate their estimation about the effectiveness of the 20 selected traffic signs on the Persian version of System Usability Score (SUS). The mean of usability score for all signs were 59.37 ± 15.3. Mean usability score of Indication signs was higher than two other groups (63.2 ± 29.3) followed by Mandatory signs (60.9 ± 13.5). Warning signs had the lowest level of usability (53.9 ± 15.2). Except two signs (�Unguarded railway crossing in 200 m�) with the SUS score of less than 50 and �Camping� with the SUS score of higher than 70, the effectiveness of all signs was assessed to be at moderate level (50 > SUS < 70). It could be concluded that the majority of Iran traffic signs are marginally usable for Iranian population. Taking into account ergonomic features in designing traffic signs, could result in increasing sign effectiveness and decreasing road accidents. Appropriate strategies should be implemented to design more user-friend traffic signs. © 2019, Springer Nature Switzerland AG