15 research outputs found
Development of novel methods for microbiological evaluation of urology products
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common type of bacterial infection. Each year, UTIs cause morbidity, medical costs and losses in work time. For patients in long-term care settings the incidence of UTIs might be as high as 50 %. Every year, 7 million office visits are estimated to be due to UTIs at a cost to the healthcare system of over $1 billion in USA alone. It is estimated that 33% of neurogenic bladder patients have bacteriuria at any time. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, antibiotic coatings and silver coatings have been applied to catheters in an attempt to prevent catheter associated urinary tract infections. In this master thesis a dynamic model that simulates the lower urinary tract is developed in order to evaluate antibacterial urinary catheters. Furthermore, a novel quantitative method to analyze bacterial concentration in residual urine using the fluorescent dye resazurin has been developed. A tailored physical glass model of the catheterized bladder was developed. Urine was supplied to the model at a rate of ~1.3 ml/min and the three different intermittent catheters tested were: Lofric Primo, Magic3 Antibacterial and Magic3 Antibacterial + Hydrophilic. Two different experimental protocols were evaluated. In experimental protocol 1 the catheters were contaminated with E.coli prior to each catheterization whereas in experimental protocol 2 catheters were contaminated only before the first catheterization. The bladder was emptied at intervals to simulate catheterization, and samples of residual urine for viable cell counts and kinetic studies with resazurin were taken. Bacteriological analysis showed no difference in inhibition of bacterial growth in the bladder in the two experimental protocols. After 22 hours of model operation the bacterial population approached ~108 CFU/ml in all experiments. No difference in results between the experimental protocols could be observed. Kinetic studies on resazurin reduction gave concentrations in the same range as CFU counts for samples taken after 4 hours. Concentrations were overestimated when comparing CFU counts to resazurin reduction for samples taken after 8 hours. No inhibition of bacterial growth could be shown using the antibacterial catheters (Magic3 antibacterial) compared to the control (LoFric Primo)
Redox sensing by a Rex-family repressor is involved in the regulation of anaerobic gene expression in Staphylococcus aureus
An alignment of upstream regions of anaerobically induced genes in Staphylococcus aureus revealed the presence of an inverted repeat, corresponding to Rex binding sites in Streptomyces coelicolor. Gel shift experiments of selected upstream regions demonstrated that the redox-sensing regulator Rex of S. aureus binds to this inverted repeat. The binding sequence â TTGTGAAW4TTCACAA â is highly conserved in S. aureus. Rex binding to this sequence leads to the repression of genes located downstream. The binding activity of Rex is enhanced by NAD+ while NADH, which competes with NAD+ for Rex binding, decreases the activity of Rex. The impact of Rex on global protein synthesis and on the activity of fermentation pathways under aerobic and anaerobic conditions was analysed by using a rex-deficient strain. A direct regulatory effect of Rex on the expression of pathways that lead to anaerobic NAD+ regeneration, such as lactate, formate and ethanol formation, nitrate respiration, and ATP synthesis, is verified. Rex can be considered a central regulator of anaerobic metabolism in S. aureus. Since the activity of lactate dehydrogenase enables S. aureus to resist NO stress and thus the innate immune response, our data suggest that deactivation of Rex is a prerequisite for this phenomenon
INTS 243-01, Government and Politics of the Middle East, Fall 2011
This syllabus was submitted to the Office of Academic Affairs by the course instructor. Uploaded by Archives RSA Josephine Hill.Commonly,
the
Middle
East
is
represented
as
a
homogenous
bloc
of
authoritarian,
Arab,
Muslim,
fundamentalist,
anti-Ââmodern,
patriarchal
states
and
societies
unable
to
change.
Hence,
when
the
Egyptian
people
forced
a
30-Ââyear
dictatorship
down
within
18
days,
it
came
as
a
surprise
to
many.
What
was
even
more
puzzling
was
the
fact
that
the
Egyptian
âpeopleâ
were
composed
of
groups
as
diverse
as
leftists,
Islamists,
Christians,
soldiers
and
liberals.
Therefore,
the
objective
of
this
class
is
to
understand
this
heterogeneity
of
the
Middle
East.
To
do
so,
we
will
first
cover
the
history
of
the
Middle
East
as
well
as
the
international
and
domestic
developments
that
define
Middle
East
politics
today.
Starting
with
the
second
section,
we
will
look
at
major
actors
and
themes
that
influence
Middle
East
politics,
such
as
Iran,
Turkey,
Arab-ÂâIsraeli
conflict,
political
Islam,
democratization,
gender,
economy,
and
minorities.
Lastly,
we
will
look
at
different
components
of
US
foreign
policy
towards
the
Middle
East
and
the
effects
of
these
policies
Between movement and party: Islamic political party formation in Jordan, Morocco and Turkey
University of Minnesota Ph.D. dissertation. July 2011. Major: Political science. Advisors: David Samuels, Kethleen Collins. 1 computer file (PDF); x, 252 pages, appendix A.The main question I explore in my dissertation is, "Why are some Islamic movements forming political parties while others are staying as movements?" Although many observers assume that Islamist movements tend to be radical, numerous movements across the Muslim world have deliberately chosen to attempt to work within the existing political system by formally becoming political parties. Cases of such transformation have occurred in democracies (e.g. Indonesia) and in authoritarian regimes (e.g. Yemen), and in countries using Islamic law (e.g. Jordan) as well as in those with secular legal systems (e.g. Turkey). Hence, it cannot be explained as a function of political liberalization. My findings also challenge the argument that a rising Muslim middle class is driving the creation of new Islamic political parties (IPPs): sometimes IPPs form in the absence of a middle class, and sometimes they do not form even despite considerable middle-class pressure. Thus, IPP formation presents a widespread and important yet unexplored political puzzle in the Muslim world vis-Ă -vis the question of Muslim democracy--a discussion my dissertation takes head-on.
I argue that factors internal to Islamist movements matter for understanding why some movements become parties and others do not. I have found that movements with a vanguard mobilization strategy, in which a small group of leaders frame the cause and mobilize masses around an Islamic identity, tend to establish parties. In contrast, movements with a grassroots mobilization strategy in which the aim is to construct mass consciousness through grassroots activities tend to remain outside of formal politics, eschewing party formation.
I develop my argument based on in-depth qualitative fieldwork in three countries on five Islamist movements: Turkey and Morocco each host one movement that became a party (National View Movement/Turkey, Unity and Reform Movement/Morocco); and one that rejects party formation (GƱlen Movement/Turkey, Justice and Spirituality Movement/Morocco). Jordan, meanwhile, hosts the Muslim Brotherhood, which spawned the Islamic Action Front Party, and provides an interesting case of movement-party co-existence. These five cases vary on the question of whether and when a party was formed, thereby controlling for the influence of external factors and focusing on internal dynamics.Kirdis, Esen. (2011). Between movement and party: Islamic political party formation in Jordan, Morocco and Turkey. Retrieved from the University Digital Conservancy, https://hdl.handle.net/11299/155937
The abolishment of statutory audit, from a bank perspective
Sverige Àr ett av de fÄ EU-lÀnder som inte avskaffat revisionsplikten hos mindre aktiebolag. Svenska regeringen har tillsatt en utredning som föreslagit ett slopande av revisionsplikten som ska gÀlla frÄn 1 juli, 2010 i Sverige. GÄr förslaget igenom innebÀr det en stor förÀndring pÄ kort tid. Utredningens förslag Àr att revision skall omfatta aktiebolag med en nettoomsÀttning pÄ 83 miljoner SEK, en balansomslutning pÄ 41,5 miljoner SEK, 50 anstÀllda och som uppfyller minst tvÄ av dessa krav. GrÀnsen Àr betydligt högre satt Àn den som förekommit i tidigare debatter.Den problemformulering vi utgÄr ifrÄn Àr, vilken instÀllning bankerna har till revision och hur bankerna tror slopandet av revisionsplikten för smÄ aktiebolag kommer pÄverka kreditgivningen?Syftet Àr att undersöka de eventuella problem och förÀndringar vilka kan uppstÄ vid kreditgivningsprocessen. Det med tanke pÄ den utredning som ligger ute pÄ remiss angÄende slopandet av revisionsplikten i smÄ aktiebolag. För att fÄ en klarare inblick kring de komplikationer som uppstÄr och förÀndringar som kommer Àga rum hos bankerna har vi valt att utföra fyra intervjuer varav tre av dessa utförts personligen och en Àr via mail. Respondenterna Àr verksamma inom det tre svenska bankerna Handelsbanken, Swedbank och SEB.För bankerna Àr det viktigt att kunna bedöma företagens ÄterbetalningsförmÄga och revision Àr betydelsefullt för bedömningen. Banken beviljar idag företagen kredit först nÀr de vet att en auktoriserad revisor granskat och godkÀnt företaget.Vid kreditgivning tar bankerna del av reviderad information som Ärsredovisningar och kassaflödesanalyser. Ett slopade innebÀr en pÄtaglig förÀndring ur bankernas perspektiv. Ett alternativ som bland annat tas upp av utredningen Àr frivillig revision. Idag innebÀr revisorns kontroll en form utav kvalitetssÀkring som ger bankerna en kÀnsla av trygghet dÄ de vet att en auktoriserad revisor inspekterat informationsmaterialet. Slopandet av revisionsplikten kan minska kostnaderna för smÄ aktiebolag. Men för bankerna kan det bli tvÀrtom och kreditprocessen kan ta lÀngre tid. Utredningen föreslÄr uppmaning till frivillig revision och dÄ bankerna inte har nÄgon skyldighet att bevilja företagen kredit kan slopandet ÀndÄ innebÀra att bankerna krÀver reviderad information utav företagen.UppsatsnivÄ:
The abolishment of statutory audit, from a bank perspective
Sverige Àr ett av de fÄ EU-lÀnder som inte avskaffat revisionsplikten hos mindre aktiebolag. Svenska regeringen har tillsatt en utredning som föreslagit ett slopande av revisionsplikten som ska gÀlla frÄn 1 juli, 2010 i Sverige. GÄr förslaget igenom innebÀr det en stor förÀndring pÄ kort tid. Utredningens förslag Àr att revision skall omfatta aktiebolag med en nettoomsÀttning pÄ 83 miljoner SEK, en balansomslutning pÄ 41,5 miljoner SEK, 50 anstÀllda och som uppfyller minst tvÄ av dessa krav. GrÀnsen Àr betydligt högre satt Àn den som förekommit i tidigare debatter.Den problemformulering vi utgÄr ifrÄn Àr, vilken instÀllning bankerna har till revision och hur bankerna tror slopandet av revisionsplikten för smÄ aktiebolag kommer pÄverka kreditgivningen?Syftet Àr att undersöka de eventuella problem och förÀndringar vilka kan uppstÄ vid kreditgivningsprocessen. Det med tanke pÄ den utredning som ligger ute pÄ remiss angÄende slopandet av revisionsplikten i smÄ aktiebolag. För att fÄ en klarare inblick kring de komplikationer som uppstÄr och förÀndringar som kommer Àga rum hos bankerna har vi valt att utföra fyra intervjuer varav tre av dessa utförts personligen och en Àr via mail. Respondenterna Àr verksamma inom det tre svenska bankerna Handelsbanken, Swedbank och SEB.För bankerna Àr det viktigt att kunna bedöma företagens ÄterbetalningsförmÄga och revision Àr betydelsefullt för bedömningen. Banken beviljar idag företagen kredit först nÀr de vet att en auktoriserad revisor granskat och godkÀnt företaget.Vid kreditgivning tar bankerna del av reviderad information som Ärsredovisningar och kassaflödesanalyser. Ett slopade innebÀr en pÄtaglig förÀndring ur bankernas perspektiv. Ett alternativ som bland annat tas upp av utredningen Àr frivillig revision. Idag innebÀr revisorns kontroll en form utav kvalitetssÀkring som ger bankerna en kÀnsla av trygghet dÄ de vet att en auktoriserad revisor inspekterat informationsmaterialet. Slopandet av revisionsplikten kan minska kostnaderna för smÄ aktiebolag. Men för bankerna kan det bli tvÀrtom och kreditprocessen kan ta lÀngre tid. Utredningen föreslÄr uppmaning till frivillig revision och dÄ bankerna inte har nÄgon skyldighet att bevilja företagen kredit kan slopandet ÀndÄ innebÀra att bankerna krÀver reviderad information utav företagen.UppsatsnivÄ:
Shift in Ribonucleotide Reductase Gene Expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa during Infection âż â
The roles of different ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) in bacterial pathogenesis have not been studied systematically. In this work we analyzed the importance of the different Pseudomonas aeruginosa RNRs in pathogenesis using the Drosophila melanogaster host-pathogen interaction model. P. aeruginosa codes for three different RNRs with different environmental requirements. Class II and III RNR chromosomal mutants exhibited reduced virulence in this model. Translational reporter fusions of RNR gene nrdA, nrdJ, or nrdD to the green fluorescent protein were constructed to measure the expression of each class during the infection process. Analysis of the P. aeruginosa infection by flow cytometry revealed increased expression of nrdJ and nrdD and decreased nrdA expression during the infection process. Expression of each RNR class fits with the pathogenicities of the chromosomal deletion mutants. An extended understanding of the pathogenicity and physiology of P. aeruginosa will be important for the development of novel drugs against infections in cystic fibrosis patients