1,160 research outputs found
Reconciling observed and simulated stellar halo masses
We use cosmological hydrodynamical simulations of Milky-Way-mass galaxies
from the FIRE project to evaluate various strategies for estimating the mass of
a galaxy's stellar halo from deep, integrated-light images. We find good
agreement with integrated-light observations if we mimic observational methods
to measure the mass of the stellar halo by selecting regions of an image via
projected radius relative to the disk scale length or by their surface density
in stellar mass . However, these observational methods systematically
underestimate the accreted stellar component, defined in our (and most)
simulations as the mass of stars formed outside of the host galaxy, by up to a
factor of ten, since the accreted component is centrally concentrated and
therefore substantially obscured by the galactic disk. Furthermore, these
observational methods introduce spurious dependencies of the estimated accreted
stellar component on the stellar mass and size of galaxies that can obscure the
trends in accreted stellar mass predicted by cosmological simulations, since we
find that in our simulations the size and shape of the central galaxy is not
strongly correlated with the assembly history of the accreted stellar halo.
This effect persists whether galaxies are viewed edge-on or face-on. We show
that metallicity or color information may provide a way to more cleanly
delineate in observations the regions dominated by accreted stars. Absent
additional data, we caution that estimates of the mass of the accreted stellar
component from single-band images alone should be taken as lower limits.Comment: Version accepted by Ap
Simulating galaxies in the reionization era with FIRE-2: morphologies and sizes
We study the morphologies and sizes of galaxies at z>5 using high-resolution
cosmological zoom-in simulations from the Feedback In Realistic Environments
project. The galaxies show a variety of morphologies, from compact to clumpy to
irregular. The simulated galaxies have more extended morphologies and larger
sizes when measured using rest-frame optical B-band light than rest-frame UV
light; sizes measured from stellar mass surface density are even larger. The UV
morphologies are usually dominated by several small, bright young stellar
clumps that are not always associated with significant stellar mass. The B-band
light traces stellar mass better than the UV, but it can also be biased by the
bright clumps. At all redshifts, galaxy size correlates with stellar
mass/luminosity with large scatter. The half-light radii range from 0.01 to 0.2
arcsec (0.05-1 kpc physical) at fixed magnitude. At z>5, the size of galaxies
at fixed stellar mass/luminosity evolves as (1+z)^{-m}, with m~1-2. For
galaxies less massive than M_star~10^8 M_sun, the ratio of the half-mass radius
to the halo virial radius is ~10% and does not evolve significantly at z=5-10;
this ratio is typically 1-5% for more massive galaxies. A galaxy's "observed"
size decreases dramatically at shallower surface brightness limits. This effect
may account for the extremely small sizes of z>5 galaxies measured in the
Hubble Frontier Fields. We provide predictions for the cumulative light
distribution as a function of surface brightness for typical galaxies at z=6.Comment: 11 pages, 11 figures, resubmitted to MNRAS after revision for
referee's comment
Formation of Globular Cluster Candidates in Merging Proto-galaxies at High Redshift: A View from the FIRE Cosmological Simulations
Using a state-of-the-art cosmological simulation of merging proto-galaxies at
high redshift from the FIRE project, with explicit treatments of star formation
and stellar feedback in the interstellar medium, we investigate the formation
of star clusters and examine one of the formation hypothesis of present-day
metal-poor globular clusters. We find that frequent mergers in high-redshift
proto-galaxies could provide a fertile environment to produce long-lasting
bound star clusters. The violent merger event disturbs the gravitational
potential and pushes a large gas mass of ~> 1e5-6 Msun collectively to high
density, at which point it rapidly turns into stars before stellar feedback can
stop star formation. The high dynamic range of the reported simulation is
critical in realizing such dense star-forming clouds with a small dynamical
timescale, t_ff <~ 3 Myr, shorter than most stellar feedback timescales. Our
simulation then allows us to trace how clusters could become virialized and
tightly-bound to survive for up to ~420 Myr till the end of the simulation.
Because the cluster's tightly-bound core was formed in one short burst, and the
nearby older stars originally grouped with the cluster tend to be
preferentially removed, at the end of the simulation the cluster has a small
age spread.Comment: 14 pages, 14 figures, Accepted for publication in the Monthly Notices
of the Royal Astronomical Society, High-resolution version of this article
also available at http://www.jihoonkim.org/index/research.html#g
Black Stork Down: Military Discourses in Bird Conservation in Malta
Tensions between Maltese hunters and bird conservation NGOs have intensified over the past decade. Conservation NGOs have become frustrated with the Maltese State for conceding to the hunter lobby and negotiating derogations from the European Union’s Bird Directive. Some NGOs have recently started to organize complex field-operations where volunteers are trained to patrol the landscape, operate drones and other surveillance technologies, detect illegalities, and lead police teams to arrest poachers. We describe the sophisticated military metaphors which conservation NGOs have developed to describe, guide and legitimize their efforts to the Maltese public and their fee-paying members. We also discuss why such groups might be inclined to adopt these metaphors. Finally, we suggest that anthropological studies of discourse could help understand delicate contexts such as this where conservation NGOs, hunting associations and the State have ended in political deadlock
FIRE-2 Simulations: Physics versus Numerics in Galaxy Formation
The Feedback In Realistic Environments (FIRE) project explores feedback in cosmological galaxy formation simulations. Previous FIRE simulations used an identical source code (“FIRE-1”) for consistency. Motivated by the development of more accurate numerics – including hydrodynamic solvers, gravitational softening, and supernova coupling algorithms – and exploration of new physics (e.g. magnetic fields), we introduce “FIRE-2”, an updated numerical implementation of FIRE physics for the GIZMO code. We run a suite of simulations and compare against FIRE-1: overall, FIRE-2 improvements do not qualitatively change galaxy-scale properties. We pursue an extensive study of numerics versus physics. Details of the star-formation algorithm, cooling physics, and chemistry have weak effects, provided that we include metal-line cooling and star formation occurs at higher-than-mean densities. We present new resolution criteria for high-resolution galaxy simulations. Most galaxy-scale properties are robust to numerics we test, provided: (1) Toomre masses are resolved; (2) feedback coupling ensures conservation, and (3) individual supernovae are time-resolved. Stellar masses and profiles are most robust to resolution, followed by metal abundances and morphologies, followed by properties of winds and circum-galactic media (CGM). Central (∼kpc) mass concentrations in massive (>L*) galaxies are sensitive to numerics (via trapping/recycling of winds in hot halos). Multiple feedback mechanisms play key roles: supernovae regulate stellar masses/winds; stellar mass-loss fuels late star formation; radiative feedback suppresses accretion onto dwarfs and instantaneous star formation in disks. We provide all initial conditions and numerical algorithms used
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for Pharmacogenetics-Guided Warfarin Dosing: 2017 Update
This document is an update to the 2011 Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline for CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes and warfarin dosing. Evidence from the published literature is presented for CYP2C9, VKORC1, CYP4F2, and rs12777823 genotype-guided warfarin dosing to achieve a target international normalized ratio of 2-3 when clinical genotype results are available. In addition, this updated guideline incorporates recommendations for adult and pediatric patients that are specific to continental ancestry
Transcriptomics reveal an integrative role for maternal thyroid hormones during zebrafish embryogenesis
Thyroid hormones (THs) are essential for embryonic brain development but the genetic mechanisms involved in the action of maternal THs (MTHs) are still largely unknown. As the basis for understanding the underlying genetic mechanisms of MTHs regulation we used an established zebrafish monocarboxylic acid transporter 8 (MCT8) knock-down model and characterised the transcriptome in 25hpf zebrafish embryos. Subsequent mapping of differentially expressed genes using Reactome pathway analysis together with in situ expression analysis and immunohistochemistry revealed the genetic networks and cells under MTHs regulation during zebrafish embryogenesis. We found 4,343 differentially expressed genes and the Reactome pathway analysis revealed that TH is involved in 1681 of these pathways. MTHs regulated the expression of core developmental pathways, such as NOTCH and WNT in a cell specific context. The cellular distribution of neural MTH-target genes demonstrated their cell specific action on neural stem cells and differentiated neuron classes. Taken together our data show that MTHs have a role in zebrafish neurogenesis and suggest they may be involved in cross talk between key pathways in neural development. Given that the observed MCT8 zebrafish knockdown phenotype resembles the symptoms in human patients with Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome our data open a window into understanding the genetics of this human congenital condition.Portuguese Fundacao para Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT) [PTDC/EXPL/MARBIO/0430/2013]; CCMAR FCT Plurianual financing [UID/Multi/04326/2013]; FCT [SFRH/BD/111226/2015, SFRH/BD/108842/2015, SFRH/BPD/89889/2012]; FCT-IF Starting Grant [IF/01274/2014]info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
The origin of the diverse morphologies and kinematics of Milky Way-mass galaxies in the FIRE-2 simulations
We use hydrodynamic cosmological zoom-in simulations from the Feedback in Realistic Environments project to explore the morphologies and kinematics of 15 Milky Way (MW)-mass galaxies. Our sample ranges from compact, bulge-dominated systems with 90 per cent of their stellar mass within 2.5 kpc to well-ordered discs that reach ≳15 kpc. The gas in our galaxies always forms a thin, rotation-supported disc at z = 0, with sizes primarily determined by the gas mass. For stars, we quantify kinematics and morphology both via the fraction of stars on disc-like orbits and with the radial extent of the stellar disc. In this mass range, stellar morphology and kinematics are poorly correlated with the properties of the halo available from dark matter-only simulations (halo merger history, spin, or formation time). They more strongly correlate with the gaseous histories of the galaxies: those that maintain a high gas mass in the disc after z ∼ 1 develop well-ordered stellar discs. The best predictor of morphology we identify is the spin of the gas in the halo at the time the galaxy formed 1/2 of its stars (i.e. the gas that builds the galaxy). High-z mergers, before a hot halo emerges, produce some of the most massive bulges in the sample (from compact discs in gas-rich mergers), while later-forming bulges typically originate from internal processes, as satellites are stripped of gas before the galaxies merge. Moreover, most stars in z = 0 MW-mass galaxies (even z = 0 bulge stars) form in a disc: ≳60--90 per cent of stars begin their lives rotationally supported
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