The Most Frequent Lenses To See Recent Program Planning For Adult: 1999-2003

The purpose of this study is to provide information regarding which theoretical framework has been frequently involved into healthy debate in the field of program planning for adults during the past decade. Also, which research methodologies have been used during that period needs to be answered for future study. By using the ERIC database, 14 articles and 11 proceeding papers were analyzed. The findings indicated that political negotiation approach has viewed as the most popular research issue. Integrative approach has also been frequently studied in recent years. However, the linear essence of the traditional model continues to play a dominant role for many practitioners. Until today, qualitative methods are mainstreams in this field. Also, in order to link practice and theory, both qualitative and quantitative studies are recently contributing to develop a theoretical framework and provide empirical evidences in various settings

Discomfort luminance level of head-mounted displays depending on the adapting luminance

The Images in an immersive head-mounted display (HMD) for virtual reality provide the sole source for visual adaptation. Thus, significant, near-instantaneous increases in luminance while viewing an HMD can result in visual discomfort. Therefore, the current study investigated the luminance change necessary to induce this discomfort. Based on the psychophysical experiment data collected from 10 subjects, a prediction model was derived using four complex images and one neutral image, with four to six levels of average scene luminance. Result showed that maximum area luminance has a significant correlation with the discomfort luminance level than average, median, or maximum pixel luminance. According to the prediction model, the discomfort luminance level of a head-mounted display was represented as a positive linear function in log(10) units using the previous adaptation luminance when luminance is calculated as maximum area luminance

Whom do you follow?: Examining Social Distance in Facebook Friendship and its Influence on Brand Message Adoption

With the growing popularity of Facebook among consumers, companies are excited about the promising business potential of the medium as a communication channel, but they are also lukewarm about adopting it in their marketing strategies due to a lack of clear understanding of the communication dynamics that occur on Facebook. Drawing on the recent study by Lipsman et al. (2012), the present study expanded the idea of targeting friends of fans on Facebook by adapting the concept of social distance and applying social identity theory. A 2 (social distance) X 2 (self-brand connection) X 2 (type of branded content) between-subject experiment was designed to understand the different influence of closeness of Facebook friends, the degree to which people feel connections to brands, and the type of branded content as these affect source perceptions, attitudes toward brands, and Facebook engagement. The stimuli consisted of brand fan pages or status updates hypothetically sent by a close friend or acquaintance on Facebook, the featured brand representing a brand with which the receiver liked but either felt or did not feel a close connection. Facebook engagement consisted of intent to "like" the message on Facebook, share the message on Facebook, comment on the message, tag someone with the content, or join the fan page. Results indicated direct influences of the social distance of message senders on source perceptions, as well as an effect of self-brand connection on attitudes toward brands. Results also indicated effects of social distance on liking and commenting, and of self-brand connections on all Facebook engagement measures. The type of branded content did not have as much of an influence on outcomes as was hypothesized. Findings are discussed with respect to developing strategies for marketing on Facebook.Doctor of Philosoph

A Near-Infrared Study of the Highly-Obscured Active Star-Forming Region W51B

We present wide-field JHKs-band photometric observations of the three compact HII regions G48.9-0.3, G49.0-0.3, and G49.2-0.3 in the active star-forming region W51B. The star clusters inside the three compact HII regions show the excess number of stars in the J-Ks histograms compared with reference fields. While the mean color excess ratio E(J-H)/E(H-Ks) of the three compact HII regions are similar to ~ 2.07, the visual extinctions toward them are somewhat different: ~ 17 mag for G48.9-0.3 and G49.0-0.3; ~ 23 mag for G49.2-0.3. Based on their sizes and brightnesses, we suggest that the age of each compact HII region is =< 2 Myr. The inferred total stellar mass, ~ 1.4 x 10^4 M_sun, of W51B makes it one of the most active star forming regions in the Galaxy with the star formation efficiency of ~ 10 %.Comment: 12 pages, 10 eps figures, uses jkas.st

Succession rules for CEO in Japanese firms : institutions and agency

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2001.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 154-160).The succession of the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) has attracted growing attention from social scientists and management researchers. CEO succession provides a context in which individual decisions and agency, stakeholder interests and conflict, and the organizational needs for legitimacy and acceptance in the large environment come together. Most of these researches, however, have been conducted in the U.S., where the board of directors has the legal and actual responsibility for appointing and replacing the CEO. CEO succession still remains unexplored terrain in countries such as Japan in which the corporation system differs significantly from the U.S. For example, the board of directors in Japan is composed primarily of executives and non-executive members of the firm and overwhelmingly represents the interests of the employees. Also, a Japanese CEO enjoys considerable autonomy from stakeholder influence, where he is usually the sole authority in deciding the timing of his own retirement as well as his successor. Although main banks provide a limit to CEO power, they tend to refrain from intervening in CEO succession until the firm is in a dire condition. In this thesis, I apply the model of CEO succession based on U.S. firms to the study of Japanese CEO succession. I address three questions: 1) what are the rules in the shacho (Japanese equivalent of CEO) succession process; 2) how are the rules framed and what does this linguistic framing suggest about shacho succession in Japan; and 3) how do the rules affect the various succession processes, such as the timing of change as well as the relationship between performance and rules.(cont.) The theoretical framework I use is based on the institutional theory of action by March (1994) and March & Olsen (1989), and I rely on both qualitative and quantitative methods to answer the research questions. I use a qualitative study to identify succession rules in large Japanese firms. Through CEO succession stories from popular business journals, I identify the two guiding spirits of CEO succession in Japan: the spirit of rejuvenation, in which the CEO succession's main function is to bring younger executives to the leadership position,and the principle of hanamichi (translated as 'flower way'), in which the CEO succession celebrates good performance by the exiting leader. In addition, tenure rules, such as four-year rules, six-year rules, and sometimes ten-year rules, are widely used for guiding the CEO succession process in Japan.(cont.) I then turn to a large sample longitudinal study to test the implication of one of the succession rules-the tenure rules-identified in the qualitative analysis. I capture thevarious tenure rules by suggesting the concept of tenure milestone set by the predecessor's tenure. A CEO's life cycle can be divided into three distinctive periods based on tenure milestone-before the milestone, milestone, and over-the milestone-presenting different mandates for the incumbent CEO. Specifically, I hypothesize that(1) CEO succession is more likely during the tenure milestone period, (2) the effect of performance is different across the three periods, and (3) organizational and political factors moderate the tenure milestone effect on CEO change. I test the hypotheses in asample of the 200 largest industrial companies in Japan over the period 1955-1995 using event history analysis ...by Hyosun Kim.Ph.D

Trouble Spots in Online Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Promotion: A Content Analysis of FDA Warning Letters

Background: For the purpose of understanding the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) concerns regarding online promotion of prescription drugs advertised directly to consumers, this study examines notices of violations (NOVs) and warning letters issued by the FDA to pharmaceutical manufacturers. Methods: The FDA’s warning letters and NOVs, which were issued to pharmaceutical companies over a 10-year period (2005 to 2014) regarding online promotional activities, were content-analyzed. Results: Six violation categories were identified: risk information, efficacy information, indication information, product labeling, material information issues, and approval issues. The results reveal that approximately 95% of the alleged violations were found on branded drug websites, in online paid advertisements, and in online videos. Of the total 179 violations, the majority of the alleged violations were concerned with the lack of risk information and/or misrepresentation of efficacy information, suggesting that achieving a fair balance of benefit versus risk information is a major problem with regard to the direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) of prescription drugs. In addition, the character space limitations of online platforms, eg, sponsored links on search engines, pose challenges for pharmaceutical marketers with regard to adequately communicating important drug information, such as indication information, risk information, and product labeling. Conclusion: Presenting drug information in a fair and balanced manner remains a major problem. Industry guidance should consider addressing visibility and accessibility of information in the web environment to help pharmaceutical marketers meet the requirements for direct-to-consumer promotion and to protect consumers from misleading drug information. Promotion via social media warrants further attention, as pharmaceutical manufacturers have already begun actively establishing a social media presence, and the FDA has thus begun to keep tabs on social media promotions of prescription drugs

Transparent effect on the gray scale perception of a transparent OLED display

Gray scale perception of transparent OLED displays was explored. The difference in luminance between transparent and non-transparent stimuli in the overall gray range was compared. The transparent effect appeared in gray scale perception. The range of the transparent effect was determined experimentally. To explore the practical application of this effect, we proposed a new tone-curve based on the transparent effect. In the preference experiment, participants indicated a higher preference score for the new tone-curve. This implied that the transparent effect is valid and applicable to real situations