“Pilgrimage in Service of Mission in the Context of the Contemporary Korean Church”

There is a saying that life is a pilgrimage. This journey is also echoed through Vatican II’s statement that The pilgrim Church is missionary by her very nature, since it is from the mission of the Son and the mission of the Holy Spirit that she draws her origin, in accordance with the decree of God the Father. 1 As such, a pilgrimage is an expressive act of desire to engage spirituality on a practical level, and a journey to a special or holy place as a way of making an impact on one’s life with the revelation of God associated with that place. 2 Our faith does not consist of an ideological or utopian world that exists only in our heads, but is instead an expression of practical, ethical action that explores the signs of the times amidst the realities of postmodernism3 and post secularism. The Korean Catholic Church has been on a difficult road to meet and experience God. In 1784, Lee Seung Hun was baptized in China, taking the name of Peter, and with that the Korean Church began. Even after four great persecutions, the Korean Church never gave up her efforts to practice the faith. It is no exaggeration to say that the Korean church of today owes its existence to the many unnamed martyrs, of whom many were lay. Since 2011, the Bishops\u27 Conference has designated 111 holy sites throughout the country and conferred blessings on those who pilgrimed to these holy sites. This led to a certain pilgrimage \u27boom\u27. The Bishop of the Missionary of the Episcopal Church and the Bishop of the Holy Land pilgrimage (Chairman Kim Sun-tae) presented a blessing to the organizers who pilgrimed to all 111 of the Holy Places listed in the Catholic Church Pilgrimage in Korea on December 12. On this day, 433 believers received blessings. As a result, a total of 2,664 persons received the blessing. A total of 1,215 people was awarded the blessing year in 2017.4 In this way, it can be seen that this ministerial approach to pilgrimage in the Korean Catholic is yielding good fruit. The Catholic Church in Korea is researching how to integrate theology and spirituality of pilgrimage into mission, pursuing the unity of theory and practice.5 Pilgrimage is an embodied ritual, so the theology and spirituality of pilgrimage must also come out of a concrete practice. In the pilgrimage we undertake, the external pilgrimage to the holy place and the inner pilgrimage are not separate, but are rather complementary. The Korean Catholic Church is actively developing and revitalizing the ritual of outward and inward pilgrimage. The Korean Catholic Church has practiced pilgrimage as a part of the faith life of the church community, even as it is seen as an option, not a requirement. This work will argue that the Korean Catholic Church should link pilgrimage with a variety of programs within this context. In particular, it should develop a pilgrimage program for young people to help them locate themselves within Korean church history and also within their communities in the long history of God’s providence. In this sense, the goal of pilgrimage is not to abolish the relevance of church’s political, historical, or doctrinal contexts, but to restore its identity as a pilgrim community and to strengthen its evangelical mission as a community of churches. In other words, the theology and spirituality of pilgrimage will provide dynamism to the Korean church. This dynamic community can only be called an evangelical community when it truly is God’s salt, leaven, and light in the world. In order to approach the crisis and opportunity of today\u27s postmodern church situation in a missionary and communicative manner, I will study pilgrimage to these sacred sites and present this unique pilgrim spirituality as a paradigmatic transformation of the new mission and method of evangelization. The purpose of this dissertation is to consider pilgrimage, which is one of the various popular devotional acts, as an important phenomenon of the new evangelization. Hence, I will explore not only some Catholic studies from other parts of the world, but also the unique spiritual pilgrimage spirituality and its corresponding mission dimension that have been created through the spiritual phenomenon of Asian pilgrimages active in Catholic churches in East Asia. This dissertation has four main objectives which underscore its significance to the field of missiology: (a) to examine what pilgrimage is from historical, biblical, and church viewpoints, and to provide its relevance for mission today; (b) to reestablish the relationship between pilgrimage and tourism as this form of popular devotion has unfolded throughout human history; (c) To help the reader understand the unique pilgrim spirituality of the Korean Catholic Church; and (d) as a local church in the world church, to better orient the future direction of this ministry and spirituality, not only in Korea but also in other parts of a world church. In this work, the first chapter looks at the definition of pilgrimage sites and the meaning of the place where the pilgrimage is taking place, approaching this from historical, biblical, and ecclesial perspectives. First, I deal with the history of pilgrimage to the shrines of the Korean Catholic Church. Second, I present pilgrimage to these holy lands through the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments’ The Directory on Popular Piety and the Liturgy-Principles and Guidelines. Third, I describe how it is that, from historical and biblical points, pilgrimages are deeply related to the human journey which has to do with salvation, engaging memory, penitence, liturgy and sacraments, and popular devotion. Lastly, I demonstrate how it is that pilgrimage is related to mission, one embodies by an intrinsic desire to live a life of faith. The second chapter is more forced specifically at pilgrim spirituality in conjunction with the definition of pilgrimage in the early Church, the Middle Ages, and the Second Vatican Council. Furthermore, I examine pilgrimage, in light of pilgrimage spirituality, tourism, and theology, highlighting the theological restructuring act which enables the reader to re-illuminate Christian testimony and life. In the third chapter I explain how the establishment of pilgrimage to the sacred places of by the Korean Catholic Church has produced legacy of faith that has been handed down through the faith of the martyrs and the myriad of ancestors of a faith witnessed by worship and service to God. Based on these spiritual aspects, I describe how these sacred places have grown through pilgrimage, a pilgrimage often focused around persecution and martyrdom. Furthermore, I explore the activities of the Suwon Diocese for the promotion of pilgrimage. In particular, for example, guide books which assist the pilgrim in walking to these sacred places in the precincts, Didimgil, make the pilgrimage more enriching. A treatment of modern parish movements to promote the veneration of these saints and martyrs accents their continuing relevance and connection with the grassroots. This chapter is not without its description of more concrete ways of doing pilgrimage, such as that done physically walking, one done with a leader, and the creation of resources to assist pilgrims in furthering their relationship with a God who invites us to participate in mission. Some of my major learnings round out the work

Masterpiece\u27s Equal Treatment of the Religious and Expressive Freedoms Under the First Amendment

This thesis aims at examining the validity of free speech claims for religious exemptions on the one hand and reviewing the Masterpiece Court\u27s holdings on the current complex entanglement of religious exemption theories, on the other hand; and finally, it also provides a possible suggestion for co-existing between two constitutional values without an all-or-nothing solution. As to the free speech argument, the Court would likely decide that a compelled speech argument should succeed if, and only if, the vendor’s good or service is expressive under the Free Speech Clause. For a baker, the Court would protect making a custom cake bearing messages through images or texts as a symbolic expression, but it would not protect making a generic or artistically decorative cake either as a pure or symbolic expression. As to the free exercise argument, this thesis insists that this is a permissible rejection within the scope of the vendor\u27s product options because it does not violate full and equal enjoyment, which could be interpreted as being the customer\u27s equal access to goods and services based on the right of vendors to choose what to sell, as Justice Kagan stated. Furthermore, it argues that procedural-equal treatment should be given equal access to the vendors, including the vendors who decline to provide their goods and services due to religious and secular reasons when refusal is permissible. The differences between discriminatory declination and permissible rejection rely on whether the vendor could supply his goods or services to all other customers; in other words, the refusal is within the right of vendors to choose what to sell. Here, the official or government agency could have the discretion to determine whether the vendor’s refusal could be a discriminatory or conscientious declination. If they did not give the vendor opportunities to consider the reasons for refusals in a principled rationale, it could constitute a substantial burden on religious believers by deprivation. And then, the Supreme Court’s ruling in Masterpiece should be understood to require procedural-equal treatment, applicable to religious and secular vendors alike

Urethral Reconstruction Combined with Modified Urethrostomy in a Cat after Prepubic Urethrostomy

Background: In cats, urethral obstruction is generally caused by various reasons, including feline idiopathic cystitis, urethral crystals, urethral trauma, mucous plug, congenital or acquired anatomical deformity, and urolithiasis, especially in male cats. Depending on the severity and duration of clinical signs, immediate management including conservative or surgical therapy for restoration of urethral patency is required. Repetitive urethral obstruction due to intraluminal plugs, obstruction that cannot be resolved by medical management, and urethral strictures, trauma, or neoplasia should be managed by surgery. When the penile or pelvic urethra is ruptured or not long enough to mobilize the pelvic urethra to the perineal skin by repetitive perineal urethrostomy, prepubic urethrostomy is indicated. Potential complications of prepubic urethrostomy include urinary incontinence, peristomal dermatitis. In such cases, management of the peristomal site or placement of an artificial urethral sphincter have been reported previously. However, to date, urethral reconstruction using pre-existing penis has not been reported after prepubic urethral stricture following prepubic urethrostomy. The objective of this report is to describe surgical procedure of the urethral reconstruction combined with modified perineal urethrostomy in a cat with prepubic urethral stricture after prepubic urethrosotmy. Case: A 3-year-old castrated Scottish straight cat presented with dysuria after prepubic urethrostomy. The owner reported that the patient was diagnosed with urethral rupture, had undergone prepubic urethrostomy 2 months prior to presentation, and had persistent dysuria despite repetitive surgical revision of the prepubic urethral stoma at a local hospital. On physical examination, the preputial orifice and the penis appeared grossly normal. On ultrasonography, pericystic and periurethral fat had an edematous, striated appearance with alternating hyperechoic and anechoic regions. A small amount of free fluid was visible around the urethra. Abdominal radiography revealed a mildly distended bladder and loss of serosal detail around the area of the urinary bladder neck, consistent with inflammation and free fluid observed on ultrasonography. The retrograde urethrogram showed no leakage in either sites of the prepubic urethral orifice or the penis. Hence, complete urethral reconstruction with modified perineal urethrostomy was performed. The patient had normal urination at the 15-month follow-up. Discussion: Prepubic urethrostomy is beneficial for the patients whose penile or pelvic urethra is ruptured or not long enough to mobilize the pelvic urethra to the perineal. Complications of prepubic urethrostomy include skin necrosis around the stoma; urinary incontinence; stricture of the urethral stoma due to several reasons such as surgical-site irritation; poor mucosa–skin apposition; failure to provide tension-free stoma; and failure to expose wider pelvic urethra. In these cases, surgical management of the level of prepubic urethral stoma has been recommended by previous studies. However, no studies have been reported urethral reconstruction using pre-existing penile urethra in a patient with prepubic urethral stricture so far. To the author’s knowledge, this case is the first report describing urethral reconstruction in a cat with urethral stricture after prepubic urethrostomy. Keywords: cat, modified urethrostomy, prepubic urethrostomy, urethral reconstruction

Symplectic Perturbation Theory in Massive Ambitwistor Space: A Zig-Zag Theory of Massive Spinning Particles

We develop a theory of massive spinning particles interacting with background fields in four spacetime dimensions in which holomorphy and chirality play a central role. Applying a perturbation theory of symplectic forms to the massive twistor space as a K\"ahler manifold, we find that the spin precession behavior of a massive spinning particle is directly determined from the manner in which self-dual and anti-self-dual field strengths permeate into "complex spacetime." Especially, the particle shows the minimally coupled precession behavior if self-dual field strength continues holomorphically into the complex: the Newman-Janis shift. In general, computing the momentum impulse shows that the parameters that control generic non-holomorphic continuations are directly related to the coupling constants in the massive-massive-massless spinning on-shell amplitude of Arkani-Hamed, Huang, and Huang, and thus they are interpreted as the single-curvature Wilson coefficients given by Levi and Steinhoff, redefined on complex worldlines. Finally, exact expressions for Kerr and $\sqrt{\text{Kerr}}$ actions are bootstrapped in monochromatic self-dual plane-wave backgrounds from symplectivity and a matching between classical scattering and the on-shell amplitude, from which we obtain all-order exact impulses of classical observables.Comment: 57 pages, 4 figure

Pelvic Fracture in a Cat - Precontouring of the Plate Based on Allogenic 3D Model and its Application

Background: Pelvic fractures are commonly ecountered in cats. The ilium is included in approximately 50% of pelvic fractures in cats. Although conservative management of the pelvic fracture is known to have good prognosis, surgical fixation is recommended for the pelvic fractue with ilial fractures. 3D printing is an accurate digital modeling method by converting two-dimensional (2D) image into 3D model. 3D printing in veterinary medicine have been described in the various orthopedic diseases such angular limb deformities or fractures. The use of 3D model for presurgical planning is helpful to improve the results of complex surgical interventions. The objective of this study is to identify the usefulness of fabricating 3D models based on allogenic 2D data with aid of 3D printer program. Case: A 4-year-old spayed female domestic shorthair cat presented with hindlimb lameness. Radiography revealed left ilial body fracture with multiple fractures including left tuber ischium, pubic symphysis, and bilateral cranial ramuses of pubis. Digital imaging and communication in medicine (DICOM) files of the complete ilium were extracted from a CT scan of a healthy and castrated male cat of same breed. Volume rendering images were prepared by Slicer program based on DICOM files. After acquired 3D data were converted to STL (Standard Triangulation Language) file for the 3D printing machine, non-fracture involved area was removed except the left ilium using the Meshmixer® soft-ware and then data was stored as STL files again. The length of 3D model was adjusted to actual size using 3D printer firmware based on actual size of the ilial length. Subsequently, 3D modelling was performed using 3D printer. The plate was precontoured to conform to the lateral surface of the 3D model. Internal fixation using precontoured plate resulted in accurate bone alignment. The alignment of the ilium remained appropriate throughtout the follow-up period. Complete union was identified 6 months after surgery. Discussion: Although the most common method for the ilial fractures is the application of bone plates to the lateral side of the ilium, bone plate fixation is more challenging in cats owing to the small bone size and small surface area of the fracture sites compared to dogs. Therefore, it is important to make accurate presurgical planning for successful result of a surgery. 3D printing based on actual patient have several limitations including time for complete printing process and additional anesthetic episode to acquire computed tomography (CT) images. However, in simple cases, a presurgical CT scan may not be necessary if the plate can be precisely precontured based on the data from the other patient. In this way, the additional financial burden for CT examination also might be reduced. On the other hand, technical difficulty of utilizing hardware and software, and financial availability were another drawback. However, in this current study, most of limitations regarding conventional 3D printing based on actual patient were overcome by the application of the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology with allogenic data. In the current study, total time for fabrication of 3D model based on FDM technology, was less than 3 h, which are much shorter than the time for conventional 3D printing. The difference of the ilial length between the actual patient and the 3D model was adjusted through the firmware program. Thus, differences of the conformation or size between the 3D model and the ilium of the patient was negligible during the surgery, although 2D images were not acquired from actual patient. Intraoperative contouring of the plate was not required. In conclusion, through presurgical plate contouring by the 3D bone template based on non-patient specific data, successful treatment of the ilial fracture was possible. Keywords: allogenic; cats; ilial fracture; 3D printing, 3D models, pilot study

Anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic effects of Ardisia crispa Thunb. D.C

Ardisia crispa Thunb D.C (Myrsinaceae), has long been used in treating various ailments among the local villagers. The objective of this study was to investigate experimentally the possible anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic properties of Ardisia crispa. The effect of hexane fraction of ethanolic extract of root of Ardisia crispa (ACRH) was evaluated in experimental models of pain and inflammation. The root extract at 3-300 mg/kg showed significant inhibition in carrageenan-induced oedema in rats with a maximum of 93.34% at 300 mg/ kg. There was a significant (p<0.001) inhibition in carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia with ACRH 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg. The anti-inflammatory observed with the extract were comparable to that of standard. The present study indicates that the hexane fraction of Ardisia crispa (ACRH) exhibits significant anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic effects

DOSE FASTER HOPPING FREQUENCY IMPROVE RESPONSE TIME AND KICKING SPEED IN TAEKWONDO ROUNDHOUSE KICK?

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of rhythmic hopping frequency on the response time and kicking speeds in Taekwondo roundhouse kick. Eleven elementary and middle-school athletes voluntarily participated in this study. They performed five roundhouse kicks at three different hopping frequencies (normal, 15% faster than normal, and 15% slower than normal) and no hop condition. Results indicated that the 15% slower hopping frequency induced a significantly longer response time than the 15% faster frequency. The 15% faster frequency resulted in faster maximum kicking speed than normal frequency did, while there was no difference in contact kicking speed. Partially the faster hopping frequency would be beneficial to kicking performance