Detailed Mapping of Hydrothermal Vent Fauna: A 3D Reconstruction Approach Based on Video Imagery

Active hydrothermal vent fields are complex, small-scale habitats hosting endemic fauna that changes at scales of centimeters, influenced by topographical variables. In previous studies, it has been shown that the distance to hydrothermal fluids is also a major structuring factor. Imagery analysis based on two dimensional photo stitching revealed insights to the vent field zonation around fluid exits and a basic knowledge of faunal assemblages within hydrothermal vent fields. However, complex three dimensional surfaces could not be adequately replicated in those studies, and the assemblage structure, as well as their relation to abiotic terrain variables, is often only descriptive. In this study we use ROV video imagery of a hydrothermal vent field on the southeastern Indian Ridge in the Indian Ocean. Structure from Motion photogrammetry was applied to build a high resolution 3D reconstruction model of one side of a newly discovered active hydrothermal chimney complex, allowing for the quantification of abundances. Likewise, the reconstruction was used to infer terrain variables at a scale important for megabenthic specimens, which were related to the abundances of the faunal assemblages. Based on the terrain variables, applied random forest model predicted the faunal assemblage distribution with an accuracy of 84.97 %. The most important structuring variables were the distances to diffuse- and black fluid exits, as well as the height of the chimney complex. This novel approach enabled us to classify quantified abundances of megabenthic taxa to distinct faunal assemblages and relate terrain variables to their distribution. The successful prediction of faunal assemblage occurrences further supports the importance of abiotic terrain variables as key structuring factors in hydrothermal systems and offers the possibility to detect suitable areas for Marine Protected areas on larger spatial scales. This technique works for any kind of video imagery, regardless of its initial purpose and can be implemented in marine monitoring and management

sFDvent: A global trait database for deep‐sea hydrothermal‐vent fauna

Motivation: Traits are increasingly being used to quantify global biodiversity patterns, with trait databases growing in size and number, across diverse taxa. Despite grow‐ ing interest in a trait‐based approach to the biodiversity of the deep sea, where the impacts of human activities (including seabed mining) accelerate, there is no single re‐ pository for species traits for deep‐sea chemosynthesis‐based ecosystems, including hydrothermal vents. Using an international, collaborative approach, we have compiled the first global‐scale trait database for deep‐sea hydrothermal‐vent fauna – sFD‐ vent (sDiv‐funded trait database for the Functional Diversity of vents). We formed a funded working group to select traits appropriate to: (a) capture the performance of vent species and their influence on ecosystem processes, and (b) compare trait‐based diversity in different ecosystems. Forty contributors, representing expertise across most known hydrothermal‐vent systems and taxa, scored species traits using online collaborative tools and shared workspaces. Here, we characterise the sFDvent da‐ tabase, describe our approach, and evaluate its scope. Finally, we compare the sFD‐ vent database to similar databases from shallow‐marine and terrestrial ecosystems to highlight how the sFDvent database can inform cross‐ecosystem comparisons. We also make the sFDvent database publicly available online by assigning a persistent, unique DOI. Main types of variable contained: Six hundred and forty‐six vent species names, associated location information (33 regions), and scores for 13 traits (in categories: community structure, generalist/specialist, geographic distribution, habitat use, life history, mobility, species associations, symbiont, and trophic structure). Contributor IDs, certainty scores, and references are also provided. Spatial location and grain: Global coverage (grain size: ocean basin), spanning eight ocean basins, including vents on 12 mid‐ocean ridges and 6 back‐arc spreading centres. Time period and grain: sFDvent includes information on deep‐sea vent species, and associated taxonomic updates, since they were first discovered in 1977. Time is not recorded. The database will be updated every 5 years. Major taxa and level of measurement: Deep‐sea hydrothermal‐vent fauna with spe‐ cies‐level identification present or in progress. Software format: .csv and MS Excel (.xlsx).This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

The Application of DNA Barcodes for the Identification of Marine Crustaceans from the North Sea and Adjacent Regions

During the last years DNA barcoding has become a popular method of choice for molecular specimen identification. Here we present a comprehensive DNA barcode library of various crustacean taxa found in the North Sea, one of the most extensively studied marine regions of the world. Our data set includes 1,332 barcodes covering 205 species, including taxa of the Amphipoda, Copepoda, Decapoda, Isopoda, Thecostraca, and others. This dataset represents the most extensive DNA barcode library of the Crustacea in terms of species number to date. By using the Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD), unique BINs were identified for 198 (96.6%) of the analyzed species. Six species were characterized by two BINs (2.9%), and three BINs were found for the amphipod species Gammarus salinus Spooner, 1947 (0.4%). Intraspecific distances with values higher than 2.2% were revealed for 13 species (6.3%). Exceptionally high distances of up to 14.87% between two distinct but monophyletic clusters were found for the parasitic copepod Caligus elongatus Nordmann, 1832, supporting the results of previous studies that indicated the existence of an overlooked sea louse species. In contrast to these high distances, haplotype-sharing was observed for two decapod spider crab species, Macropodia parva Van Noort & Adema, 1985 and Macropodia rostrata (Linnaeus, 1761), underlining the need for a taxonomic revision of both species. Summarizing the results, our study confirms the application of DNA barcodes as highly effective identification system for the analyzed marine crustaceans of the North Sea and represents an important milestone for modern biodiversity assessment studies using barcode sequence

On Tetragonicipitidae (Crustacea, Copepoda) from the Channel of São Sebastião, Brazil, with description of their nauplii and two new species of Phyllopodopsyllus

Björnberg, Tagea, Kihara, Terue C. (2013): On Tetragonicipitidae (Crustacea, Copepoda) from the Channel of São Sebastião, Brazil, with description of their nauplii and two new species of Phyllopodopsyllus. Zootaxa 3718 (6): 501-529, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3718.6.

Cerviniella hitoshii Kihara & Arbizu, 2012, sp. nov.

<i>Cerviniella hitoshii</i> sp. nov. <p>(Figs 11–15, 20–21)</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> Arctic Ocean, Laptev Sea (78°08.19' N, 133°19.94' E), 796 m depth.</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> Holotype female dissected on 16 slides (reg. no. SMF 37031) from station PS27#038/2458-1, multi corer 6, collected 05/09/1993. Undissected paratypes consist of 3 copepodites (CII, CIII and CIV with reg. nos. SMF 37032, 37033 and 37034, respectively) from station PS27#047/2465-1, multi corer 1–4, collected 08/09/ 1993. All material collected by the junior author during the Expedition ARCTIC’93, Leg ARK-IX/4 of RV <i>Polarstern</i>.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> FEMALE. Total body length 772.0 μm. Largest width measured at posterior margin of cephalic shield: 272.0 μm. Body (Figs 11 A, 20A–C) with no clear distinction between prosome and urosome, body somites gradually tapering posteriorly.</p> <p>Prosome (Figs 11 A, 20A–C, 21D) 4-segmented, with first pedigerous somite incorporated into cephalothorax. Cephalothorax with anastomosing pattern near rostrum (Fig. 21 C) and along margins (Figs 11 A, 20A–B); additional ornamentation consisting of sensilla and pores as illustrated in Figure 11 A; posterior margin smooth. Pedigerous somites with reticulation along posterior margins and ornamentation consisting of sensilla as illustrated in Figure 11 A; epimera of second and third pedigerous somites expanded posteriorly; posterior margins serrate. Gonads extending from posterior region of mouth parts until middle area of somite bearing P2 (Fig. 21 D).</p> <p>Urosome (Figs 11 A, 12A–B, 20A–C) 5-segmented, comprising P5-bearing somite, genital double-somite, 2 free abdominal somites and anal somite. Urosomites with surface ornamentation consisting of sensilla and minute spinules as illustrated in Figures 12 A–B; posterior margin serrate.</p> <p>Genital double-somite (Figs 11 A, 12A–B, 20A–B) original segmentation indicated by transverse, serrate surface ridge with reticulation and sensilla dorsally, and hook-like projections laterally (Fig. 21 B), completely fused ventrally; genital field (Fig. 12 C) with surface smooth, copulatory pore located in median depression; gonopores covered by opercula derived from sixth legs and by anteriorly directed flap arising from somite wall; P6 bearing 3 pinnate setae.</p> <p>Anal somite (Figs 11 A–B, 12A–B, 20A–C) with reduced anal operculum with large anal opening; surface ornamentation consisting of pair of sensilla dorsally and setules ventrally; posterior margin smooth.</p> <p>Caudal rami (Figs 11 A, C–D) slightly asymmetrical; 3.5X as long as maximum width, tapering posteriorly. Each ramus with 7 setae: seta I closely set to seta II, both pinnate and inserted at proximal third; seta III pinnate and positioned ventrolaterally; setae IV and V fused basally, seta IV pinnate and seta V naked, both bases covered by membranous extension; seta VI minute and flattened, displaced ventrally; seta VII tri-articulate at base and pinnate.</p> <p>Rostrum (Figs 11 E, 21C) fused to cephalic shield; bluntly triangular; with midventral tube-pore near apex.</p> <p>Antennule (Figs 12 D, 21A) 5-segmented, and surface ornamentation consisting of small denticles as shown in Figure 12 D. Segment I with pointed projection on posterior distal corner; segment II longest, double segment completely fused dorsally but with original segmentation apparent in ventral view, with aesthetasc fused basally to seta and set on distinct pedestal; segment V with aesthetasc fused basally to pinnate seta. Armature formula: I-[1 pinnate spine], II-[15 pinnate + 7 pinnate spines + (1 + ae)], III-[3 pinnate], IV-[4 pinnate], V-[5 pinnate + (1 pinnate + ae)].</p> <p>Antenna (Fig. 13 A) 3-segmented, comprising coxa, allobasis, and 1-segmented endopod. Coxa small, with no ornamentation. Basis and enp-1 fused, forming elongate allobasis, with spinules along abexopodal margin and patch of spinules and denticles as shown in Figure 13 A, abexopodal seta pinnate. Free endopod about half length of allobasis; ornamented with row of spinules proximally, row of spinules along distal corner and sparse spinules on posterior surface; medial armature consisting of 2 pinnate setae and 1 spine; apical armature consisting of 4 spines and 3 setae (2 naked and 1 pinnate), subdistal seta shortest. Exopod 4-segmented; exp-1 as long as next 3 segments combined; armature formula: I-[2 pinnate], II-[1 pinnate], III-[1 pinnate], IV-[3 pinnate].</p> <p>Mandible (Fig. 13 B). Coxa with well developed gnathobase bearing several multicuspidate teeth and 1 pinnate seta (detailed drawing in Fig. 13 B) around distal margin. Palp well developed, comprising basis, endopod and exopod. Basis with 4 pinnate setae and surface ornamentation as indicated in Figure 13 B. Endopod 1-segmented; medial armature consisting of 3 setae (1 naked and 2 pinnate); apical armature consisting of 5 setae (4 naked and 1 pinnate). Exopod 3-segmented; armature formula: I-[2 pinnate], II-[1 pinnate], III-[3 pinnate].</p> <p>Maxillule (Fig. 13 C). Praecoxa with transverse fold and rows of spinules as shown in Figure 13 C; arthrite well developed, with 2 setae (1 naked and 1 pinnate) on anterior surface, with 7 spines (3 pinnate and 4 striated) and 3 pinnate setae along distal margin, posterior surface with 2 pinnate setae. Coxa with cylindrical endite, bearing 6 setae (5 naked and 1 pinnate) distally; epipodite represented by 1 pinnate seta. Basis and endopod fused, with row of spinules on anterior surface (not represented); basis with 11 naked setae; endopod incorporated into basis, represented by 3 naked setae. Exopod 1-segmented, with 3 pinnate setae.</p> <p>Maxilla (Fig. 13 D) comprising syncoxa, allobasis and 3-segmented endopod. Syncoxa with 4 endites; proximal praecoxal endite with 4 setae (1 naked and 3 pinnate); distal praecoxal endite almost completely incorporated into syncoxa, with 3 setae (1 pinnate and 3 naked); proximal coxal endite with 3 naked setae; distal coxal endite with 2 naked setae and 1 pinnate spine; rows of spinules and setules along outer margin and additional ornamentation as shown in Figure 13 D. Allobasis endite forming strong claw; accessory armature consisting of 2 naked setae and 1 pinnate spine; endopodal armature of maxillar allobasis represented by 1 seta and 1 spine. Endopod with armature formula: I-[1 + 1 geniculate], II-[2 geniculate], III-[3 + 1 geniculate].</p> <p>Maxilliped (Fig. 14 A, 21D) with elongated protopod and 2-segmented endopod. Protopod with rows of long setules along outer margin and rows of spinules on anterior surface; each syncoxal endite with 1 pinnate seta and 1 pinnate spine; basal endite represented by 1 pinnate seta and 1 pinnate spine. Endopod with spinules along outer margin and anterior surface; armature formula: I-[1 pinnate], II-[2 pinnate spines + 2 pinnate setae].</p> <p>P1 (Figs 14 B, 21D) biramous. Intercoxal sclerite well developed, and with reticulated surface. Praecoxa with row of spinules along outer margin. Coxa with rows of spinules on anterior surface, small setules along distal margin, and long spinules along outer margin. Basis with 1 pinnate seta on inner corner of anterior surface and 1 pinnate seta on outer distal margin (not illustrated); ornamentation consisting of patches of setules on anterior surface. Exopod 1-segmented; with rows of setules on proximal area, and rows of minute spinules around bases of outer setae; 5 setae (with setules proximally and pinnate distally) along outer margin, 2 pinnate setae apically, and 3 pinnate setae along inner margin. Endopod 1-segmented, half length of exopod, and with rows of spinules along outer margin; 2 pinnate setae along inner margin, 2 elements apically (outer apical element 1 pinnate seta and inner apical element missing on both sides of holotype) and 1 pinnate seta on distal outer corner.</p> <p>P2–P4 (Figs 14 C, 15A–B) biramous. Intercoxal sclerite well developed (cordiform in P2 and almost rectangular in P3–P4), with reticulated surface and row of setules along distal margin. Praecoxa well developed (not illustrated). Coxa with rows of spinules and setules on anterior surface, small setules along distal and outer margins (P2–P3). Basis with scattered spinules on anterior surface (P2), distal margin with acute projection (P2–P3) and row of spinules (P2–P4), 1 pinnate seta on outer margin. Exopod-1 segmented; with row of setules along inner and outer margins, anterior surface with patch of setules proximally; outer and distal margins with acute projections. Endopod 2-segmented; enp-1 outer corner drawn out into blunt (P2) or acute (P3–P4) projection, with row of setules along outer margin, and 1 pinnate seta on inner distal corner; enp-2 outer margin with rows of setules (P2–P3) and conspicuous acute projection at midlength of the segment (P2–P3).</p> <p>P1–P4 spine and seta formulae as follows:</p> <p>P5 (Figs 14 D, 21B). Protopod fused to supporting somite and with 1 outer pinnate seta. Exopod with spinules along inner and outer margins; with 1 apical and 2 outer pinnate setae.</p> <p>MALE. Unknown.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The specific name <i>hitoshii</i> is dedicated to the senior author’s father, Getulio Hitoshi Kihara.</p>Published as part of <i>Kihara, Terue C. & Arbizu, Pedro Martínez, 2012, Three new species of Cerviniella Smirnov, 1946 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) from the Arctic, pp. 1-33 in Zootaxa 3345</i> on pages 19-30, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/281475">10.5281/zenodo.281475</a&gt

Cerviniella danae Kihara & Arbizu, 2012, sp. nov.

<i>Cerviniella danae</i> sp. nov. <p>(Figs 1–6 A, B, 16–17)</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> Arctic Ocean, Laptev Sea (77°10.74' N, 126°12.29' E), 1009 m depth.</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> Holotype female dissected on 13 slides (reg. no. SMF 37027) from station PS27#047/2465-1, multi corer 1–4, collected 08/09/1993. Undissected paratypes consist of 2 females (reg. nos. SMF 37028 and 37029) from station PS27#047/2465-1, MUC 1–4, collected 08/09/1993. All material collected from the type locality by the junior author during Expedition ARCTIC’93, Leg ARK-IX/4 of RV <i>Polarstern</i>.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> FEMALE. Total body length 835.2–888.0 μm (<i>N</i> = 3; mean = 864.5 μm; holotype = 888.0 μm). Largest width measured at midlength of cephalic shield: 320.0–335.2 μm (<i>N</i> = 3; mean = 328.2 µm; holotype = 320.0 μm). Body (Figs 1 A, 16A–C) with no clear distinction between prosome and urosome, body somites gradually tapering posteriorly.</p> <p>Prosome (Figs 1 A, 16A–C) 4-segmented, with first pedigerous somite incorporated into cephalothorax. Cephalothorax with reticulated surface (Fig 1 B), anastomosing pattern more accentuated towards rostrum (Fig. 17 A) and along margins (Figs 1 A, 16A–B); additional ornamentation consisting of sensilla and pores as illustrated in Figures 1 A, 16A–B; posterior margin slightly serrate. Pedigerous somites with reticulation along posterior margins (Figs 1 A, 16A–B, 17B) and ornamentation consisting of sensilla as illustrated in Figures 1 A, 16A–B; epimera of second to fourth pedigerous somites expanded posteriorly; posterior margins serrate.</p> <p>Urosome (Figs 1 A, 2A–B, 16A–C) 5-segmented, comprising P5-bearing somite, genital double-somite, 2 free abdominal somites and anal somite. Urosomites with surface ornamentation consisting of sensilla and minute spinules, spinules more conspicuous ventrally; posterior margin serrate and with reticulated surface.</p> <p>Genital double-somite (Figs 1 A, 2A–B, 16A–B) original segmentation indicated by transverse, serrate surface ridge with reticulation and sensilla dorsally, and hook-like projections laterally (Figs 17 C–F), completely fused ventrally; genital field (Fig. 2 C) with surface striations, copulatory pore located in median depression; gonopores covered by opercula derived from sixth legs and by anteriorly directed flap arising from somite wall; P6 bearing 1 pinnate and 1 naked setae.</p> <p>Anal somite (Figs 1 A, 2A–B, 16A–C) with reduced anal operculum; large anal opening with fringe of fine setules; surface ornamentation consisting of pair of sensilla dorsally, minute spinules and pair of pores ventrally; ventral posterior margin with minute setules.</p> <p>Caudal rami (Figs 1 A, C–D) slightly asymmetrical; approximately 3.5X as long as maximum width, tapering posteriorly. Each ramus with 7 setae: seta I closely set to seta II, both setae pinnate and inserted at proximal third; seta III pinnate and positioned ventrolaterally; setae IV and V fused basally and naked, both bases covered by membranous extension; seta VI minute and flattened, displaced ventrally; seta VII tri-articulate at base and pinnate. Rostrum (Figs 2 D, 17A) fused to cephalic shield; bluntly triangular; with midventral tube-pore near apex.</p> <p>Antennule (Figs 3 A, 17E) 5-segmented and surface ornamentation consisting of small denticles as shown in Figure 3 A. Segment I with blunt protuberance on posterior distal corner; segment II longest, a double segment completely fused dorsally but with original segmentation apparent in ventral view (arrowed in Figure 17 E), with aesthetasc fused basally to seta and set on distinct pedestal; segment V with aesthetasc fused basally to 1 pinnate seta. Armature formula: I-[1 pinnate], II-[10 pinnate + 4 pinnate spines + (1 + ae)], III-[3 pinnate], IV-[4 pinnate], V-[6 pinnate + (1 pinnate + ae)].</p> <p>Antenna (Fig. 3 B) 3-segmented, comprising coxa, allobasis, and 1-segmented endopod. Coxa (not illustrated) small, with no ornamentation. Basis and enp-1 fused, forming elongate allobasis, with spinules along abexopodal margin and patch of spinules and denticles as shown in Figure 3; abexopodal seta pinnate. Free endopod about half length of allobasis; ornamented with row of spinules proximally, row of minute spinules along distal corner and sparse spinules along outer margin; medial armature consisting of 2 setae (1 naked and 1 pinnate) and 1 spine; apical armature consisting of 4 spines and 3 setae (2 naked and 1 pinnate), subdistal seta shortest. Exopod 4- segmented; exp-1 as long as next 3 segments combined; armature formula: I-[2 pinnate], II-[1 pinnate], III-[1 pinnate], IV-[3 pinnate].</p> <p>Mandible (Figs 3 C–D). Coxa with well developed gnathobase bearing several multicuspidate teeth and 1 pinnate seta around distal margin (Fig. 3 D). Palp well developed, comprising basis, endopod and exopod. Basis with 4 pinnate setae and surface ornamentation as indicated in Figure 3 C. Endopod 1-segmented with 8 naked setae (3 lateral and 5 apical). Exopod 4-segmented, exp-1 as long as the next 3 segments combined; armature formula: I- [1 pinnate], II-[1 pinnate], III-[1 pinnate], IV-[2 pinnate].</p> <p>Maxillule (Figs 4 A–B). Praecoxa with transverse fold and rows of spinules as shown in Figure 4 A; arthrite well developed, with 2 pinnate setae on anterior surface, with 7 spines (3 pinnate and 4 striated) and 3 naked setae along distal margin, posterior surface with patches of spinules and 2 pinnate setae (Fig. 4 B). Coxa with spinules scattered on posterior surface and along outer margin; endite cylindrical, bearing 6 setae (1 pinnate and 5 naked) distally; epipodite represented by 1 pinnate seta. Basis and endopod fused; basis with 11 setae (3 pinnate and 8 naked); endopod incorporated into basis, represented by 3 naked setae. Exopod 1-segmented, with 3 pinnate setae.</p> <p>Maxilla (Fig. 4 C) comprising syncoxa, allobasis and 3-segmented endopod. Syncoxa with 4 endites; proximal praecoxal endite with 4 setae (3 pinnate and 1 naked); distal praecoxal endite almost completely incorporated into syncoxa, with 3 naked setae; proximal coxal endite with 3 naked setae; distal coxal endite with 2 setae and 1 pinnate spine; rows of spinules and setules along outer margin and additional ornamentation as shown in Figure 4 C. Allobasis endite forming strong claw; accessory armature consisting of 2 naked setae and 1 pinnate spine; endopodal armature of maxillary allobasis represented by 1 seta and 1 spine. Endopod with armature formula: I-[1 + 1 geniculate], II-[2 geniculate], III-[3 + 1 geniculate].</p> <p>Maxilliped (Fig. 4 D) with elongated protopod and 2-segmented endopod. Protopod with rows of long setules along outer margin and rows of spinules along proximal inner margin and anterior surface; syncoxal endites represented proximal to distal by 1 pinnate seta, 1 pinnate seta and 1 pinnate spine, and 1 pinnate seta and 1 pinnate spine; basal endite represented by 1 pinnate seta and 1 pinnate spine. Endopod with armature formula: I-[1 pinnate], II-[3 pinnate spines + 1 pinnate seta].</p> <p>P1 (Figs 5 A–B, 17D) biramous. Intercoxal sclerite well developed, approximately 4.0X wider than long, with reticulated surface and row of setules along distal margin. Praecoxa with row of spinules along outer margin. Coxa with rows of minute spinules and setules on anterior surface, patches of minute spinules on posterior surface, small setules along distal margin, and long setules along outer margin. Basis with long pinnate spine on inner distal corner and pinnate seta on outer distal corner; ornamentation consisting of patches of setules on anterior surface and along inner and distal margins. Exopod 1-segmented; with rows of setules along the margins and anterior surface of proximal area, and rows of minute spinules around bases of outer setae; 5 setae (with setules proximally and pinnate distally) along outer margin, 2 apical setae (1 pinnate and 1 with setules proximally and pinnate distally), and 3 pinnate setae along inner margin. Endopod 1-segmented, half length of exopod, and with rows of spinules along inner and outer margins; 3 pinnate setae along inner margin, 2 pinnate setae apically, and 1 pinnate seta on distal outer corner.</p> <p>P2–P3 (Figs 5 C–D, 6A, 16C, 17D) biramous. Intercoxal sclerite well developed (cordiform in P2 and subrectangular in P3), with reticulated surface and row of setules along distal margin. Praecoxa well developed. Coxa with rows of minute spinules and setules on anterior surface, and small setules along distal margin. Basis with row of spinules along distal margin and rows of spinules on anterior surface, with (P2) or without (P3) pore on proximal outer corner, 1 pinnate seta on distal outer corner. Exopod-1 segmented and elongated; with row of setules along inner and outer margins, anterior surface with patch of setules proximally and pore distally; outer and distal margins with acute projections. Endopod 2-segmented; enp-1 outer corner drawn out into bifid (P2) or blunt (P3) projection, with row of setules along outer (P2–P3) and distal (P2) margins; enp-2 outer margin with rows of setules and conspicuous acute projection at midlength of segment. P2 enp-2 approximately 3X as long as enp-1; P3 enp-2 approximately 2X as long as enp-1.</p> <p>P4 (Figs 6 B, 17F) uniramous. Protopod fused to supporting somite and with 1 outer pinnate seta. Exopod 1- segmented, with 1 outer and 1 apical pinnate seta. Endopod absent.</p> <p>P1–P4 spine and seta formulae as follows:</p> <p>P5 (Figs 6 B, 17F). Protopod fused to supporting somite and with 1 outer pinnate seta. Exopod with 1 outer and 1 apical pinnate seta.</p> <p>MALE. Unknown.</p> <p> <b>Variability.</b> P3 enp-2 presumably bears only 1 distal seta in the normal condition (formula [010], 3 females). However, in two females, P3 enp-2 displayed [110] on one side and [010] on the other side.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The species name <i>danae</i> refers to Дана (Dana), goddess of the sea in Slavic mythology.</p>Published as part of <i>Kihara, Terue C. & Arbizu, Pedro Martínez, 2012, Three new species of Cerviniella Smirnov, 1946 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) from the Arctic, pp. 1-33 in Zootaxa 3345</i> on pages 4-12, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/281475">10.5281/zenodo.281475</a&gt

Cerviniella arctica Kihara & Arbizu, 2012, sp. nov.

<i>Cerviniella arctica</i> sp. nov. <p>(Figs 6 C–E, 7–10, 18–19)</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> Arctic Ocean, Laptev Sea (78°23.19' N, 133°11.43' E), 2019 m depth.</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> Holotype female dissected on 14 slides (reg. no. SMF 37030) from station PS27#035/2457-1, multi corer 5, collected 04/09/1993. Material collected from the type locality by the junior author during the Expedition ARCTIC’93, Leg ARK-IX/4 of RV <i>Polarstern</i>.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> FEMALE. Total body length 1014.7 μm. Largest width measured at posterior border of cephalic shield: 352.9 μm. Body (Figs 6 C, 18A–C) with no clear distinction between prosome and urosome, body somites gradually tapering posteriorly.</p> <p>Prosome (Figs 6 C, 18A–C) 4-segmented, with first pedigerous somite incorporated into cephalothorax. Cephalothorax covered by minute scales (Fig. 6 C); cuticle with anastomosing pattern near the rostrum (Fig. 19 E) and along margins (Figs 6 C, 18A–B); additional ornamentation consisting of sensilla and pores as illustrated in Figure 6 C; posterior margin smooth. Pedigerous somites with reticulation along posterior margins and ornamentation consisting of sensilla as illustrated in Figure 6 C; epimera of second to fourth pedigerous somites expanded posteriorly; posterior margins serrate.</p> <p>Urosome (Figs 6 C, 7A–B, 18A–C) 5-segmented, comprising P5-bearing somite, genital double-somite, 2 free abdominal somites and anal somite. Urosomites with surface ornamentation consisting of sensilla and reticulation as shown in Figures 7 A–B; posterior margin serrate.</p> <p>Genital double-somite (Figs 6 C, 7A–B, 18A–B) original segmentation indicated by transverse, serrate surface ridge with reticulation and sensilla dorsally, and hook-like projections laterally (Figs 19 B–F), completely fused ventrally; genital field (Fig. 7 C) with surface striations, copulatory pore located in median depression; gonopores covered by opercula derived from sixth legs and by anteriorly directed flap arising from somite wall; P6 bearing 2 naked setae.</p> <p>Anal somite (Figs 6 C, 7A–B, 18A–C, 19D). Anal operculum with posterior border serrate; large anal opening flanked by rows of spinous processes laterally (Fig. 19 D); surface striated with ornamentation consisting of setules and pair of sensilla dorsally, and setules ventrally.</p> <p>Caudal rami (Figs 6 C–D, 7A–B) elongated, 12.5X as long as maximum width, and with pore on middle of outer margin. Each ramus with 7 setae: seta I naked and inserted at proximal third, seta II pinnate and inserted at middle third; seta III subdistal, unconfirmed shape and size (missing in holotype); setae IV and V fused basally, unconfirmed shape and size of both setae (broken in holotype), both bases covered by membranous extension; seta VI minute and flattened, displaced ventrally; seta VII tri-articulate at base and pinnate.</p> <p>Rostrum (Figs 7 D, 19E) fused to cephalic shield; subtriangular; apex concave with tube-pore; pair of sensilla and additional surface ornamentation as illustrated in Figure 7 D.</p> <p>Antennule (Figs 8 A, 19A) 7-segmented, with surface ornamentation consisting of rows of small denticles as shown in Figure 8 A. Segment I enlarged distally; segment III longest, with aesthetasc fused basally to seta and set on distinct pedestal; segment VI missing 1 spine/seta on both sides of holotype, insertion area arrowed in Figure 8 A; segment VII with aesthetasc fused basally to pinnate seta. Armature formula: I-[1 pinnate], II-[4 pinnate + 3 pinnate spines], III-[1 + 4 pinnate + 3 pinnate spines + (1 + ae)], IV-[2 pinnate + 1 pinnate spine], V-[1 pinnate + 1 pinnate spine], VI-[1 pinnate + 1 element], V-[6 pinnate + (1 pinnate + ae)].</p> <p>Antenna (Figs 8 B–C) 3-segmented, comprising coxa, allobasis, and 1-segmented endopod. Coxa (not illustrated) small, with no ornamentation. Basis and enp-1 fused, forming elongate allobasis, with rows of spinules along inner and outer margins, insertion area of exopod swollen and covered by minute tubercles, abexopodal seta pinnate. Free endopod about half the length of allobasis; ornamented with long spinules along outer margin, and row of minute spinules along distal corner; medial armature consisting of 2 setae (1 naked and 1 pinnate) and 1 spine; apical armature consisting of 4 spines and 3 setae (1 naked and 2 pinnate), the shortest seta subdistal (Fig. 8 C). Exopod 4-segmented; with ornamentation as shown in Figure 8 B; exp-1 as long as next 3 segments combined; armature formula: I-[2 pinnate], II-[1 pinnate], III-[1 pinnate], IV-[2 pinnate].</p> <p>Mandible (Fig. 8 D). Coxa with well developed gnathobase bearing several multicuspidate teeth and 1 pinnate seta around distal margin. Palp well developed, comprising basis, endopod and exopod. Basis with rows of spinules along inner, outer and distal margins, and 4 pinnate setae. Endopod 1-segmented, medial armature consisting of 3 naked setae; apical armature consisting of 7 setae (6 naked and 1 pinnate). Exopod 3-segmented; armature formula: I-[2 pinnate], II-[1 pinnate], III-[3 pinnate].</p> <p>Maxillule (Fig. 9 A). Praecoxa with transverse fold and rows of spinules as shown in Figure 9 A; arthrite well developed, with 2 pinnate setae on anterior surface, with 7 spines (3 pinnate and 4 striated) and 3 setae (2 pinnate and 1 naked) along distal margin, posterior surface with patches of spinules and 2 naked setae. Coxa with row of spinules along distal margin of posterior surface; endite cylindrical, bearing 6 setae (2 pinnate and 4 naked) distally; epipodite represented by 1 missing element (insertion area arrowed in Figure 9 A). Basis and endopod fused; ornamentation consisting of rows of spinules on posterior surface; basis with 11 setae (1 pinnate and 10 naked); endopod incorporated into basis, represented by 3 naked setae. Exopod 1-segmented, with 3 pinnate setae.</p> <p>Maxilla (Fig. 9 B) comprising syncoxa, allobasis and 3-segmented endopod. Syncoxa with 4 endites; proximal praecoxal endite cylindrical, ornamented with setules, and with 4 pinnate setae; distal praecoxal endite almost completely incorporated into syncoxa, with 3 setae (1 pinnate and 2 naked); proximal coxal endite with 3 naked setae; distal coxal endite with 2 naked setae and 1 naked spine; rows of spinules and setules along outer margin and additional ornamentation as shown in Figure 9 B. Allobasis endite forming strong claw; accessory armature consisting of 2 naked setae and 1 pinnate spine; endopodal armature of maxillar allobasis represented by 1 seta and 1 spine. Endopod with armature formula: I-[1 + 1 geniculate], II-[2 geniculate], III-[3 + 1 geniculate].</p> <p>Maxilliped (Fig. 9 C) with elongated protopod and 2-segmented endopod. Protopod with rows of long setules along outer and inner margins; syncoxal endites represented proximal to distal by 1 pinnate seta and 1 pinnate spine, 2 pinnate setae and 1 pinnate spine, and 1 pinnate seta and 1 pinnate spine; basal endite represented by 1 pinnate seta and 1 pinnate spine. Endopod with armature formula: I-[1 pinnate], II-[2 pinnate spines + 2 pinnate setae].</p> <p>P1 (Figs 9 D, 18C, 19C) biramous. Intercoxal sclerite well developed (Fig. 18 C), and with reticulated surface. Praecoxa with row of spinules along distal margin. Coxa with rows of spinules on anterior surface. Basis with 1 pinnate seta on inner corner and 1 pinnate seta on outer distal corner; ornamentation consisting of pore and patches of setules on anterior surface, and rows of spinules along outer margins. Exopod 1-segmented; with rows of setules along outer margin, and rows of minute spinules around bases of outer and apical setae; 5 pinnate setae along outer margin, 2 pinnate setae apically, and 2 pinnate setae along inner margin. Endopod 1-segmented, half length of exopod; ornamented with patches of spinules on anterior surface, and with rows of setules along outer margin; 1 pinnate seta along inner margin, 2 pinnate setae apically, and 1 pinnate seta on distal outer corner (outer and apical elements missing on both sides of holotype for drawing, but present during confocal imaging, insertion areas arrowed in Figure 9 D).</p> <p>P2–P3 (Figs 10 A–C, 18C, 19F) biramous. Intercoxal sclerite well developed (cordiform in P2 and subrectangular in P3), with reticulated surface and row of setules along distal margin. Praecoxa well developed. Coxa with rows of minute spinules and setules on anterior surface, small spinules along distal margin, and long setules along outer margin. Basis with row of spinules along distal margin and rows of spinules on anterior surface, distal border with acute projection near endopod insertion, 1 pinnate seta on outer distal margin. Exopod-1 segmented; with row of setules along inner and outer margins (P3), anterior surface with patch of setules proximally and pore distally; outer and distal margins with acute projections. Endopod 2-segmented; enp-1 outer corner drawn out into bifid (P2) or blunt (P3) projection, with row of setules along outer (P2–P3) and distal (P2) margins; enp-2 outer margin with rows of setules and acute projections along outer (P2) and distal (P2–P3) margins. P2 enp-2 3X as long as enp-1; P3 enp-2 elongated and 2.5X as long as enp-1.</p> <p>P4 (Figs 10 D, 19B, F) biramous. Intercoxal sclerite rectangular and with row of setules along distal margin. Praecoxa well developed. Coxa slightly striated, with rows of minute spinules on anterior surface. Basis with rows of spinules along inner and outer margins, and spinules on anterior surface. Exopod 1-segmented; slightly striated, ornamented with rows of setules along inner and outer margins. Endopod 1-segmented; reduced to cylindrical pedestal, bearing 1 pinnate seta.</p> <p>P1–P4 spine and seta formulae as follows:</p> <p>P5 (Figs 10 E, 19B). Protopod fused to supporting somite and with 1 outer pinnate seta. Exopod slightly striated; with 2 outer elements (proximal outer element missing in holotype, insertion area arrowed in Figure 10 E) and 1 apical pinnate seta.</p> <p>MALE. Unknown.</p> <p> <b>Variability.</b> The P3 enp-2 displayed [120] on one side and [020] on the other side of the same specimen.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The species name is derived from the Latin <i>arcticus</i>, referring to the Arctic provenance of the material.</p>Published as part of <i>Kihara, Terue C. & Arbizu, Pedro Martínez, 2012, Three new species of Cerviniella Smirnov, 1946 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) from the Arctic, pp. 1-33 in Zootaxa 3345</i> on pages 12-18, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/281475">10.5281/zenodo.281475</a&gt

Cerviniella Smirnov 1946

Genus <i>Cerviniella</i> Smirnov, 1946 <p> <b>Amended diagnosis.</b> Marine, free living Cerviniinae. Body with clear distinction between prosome and urosome. Prosome 4-segmented, with first pedigerous somite incorporated into cephalothorax. Urosome 5-segmented, comprising P5-bearing somite, genital double-somite, 2 free abdominal somites and anal somite. Genital doublesomite with P6 bearing 2–3 setae, lateral projections (when present) hook-like. Anal somite with operculum and large anal opening. Caudal rami elongate, slightly to markedly divergent, slightly to markedly asymmetrical, each ramus with 7 setae.</p> <p>Rostrum fused to cephalic shield. Antennule of female 5- to 7-segmented; with aesthetasc on segment II or III; additional aesthetasc present or absent on most distal segment. Antenna with allobasis or distinct basis; endopod 1- or 2-segmented, distal segment with 4 –7 apical elements and 2–3 elements laterally; exopod 4-segmented with armature formula: I-[1–2 setae], II-[1–2 setae], III-[1 seta], IV-[2–3 setae]. Mandible with gnathobase bearing multicuspidate teeth and 1 seta around distal margin; basis with 3–4 setae; endopod 1- or 2-segmented with 6–10 setae on distal segment; and exopod 1- to 4-segmented with 3–6 setae in total. Maxillule with well developed arthrite with 7–14 elements in total; coxa with endite bearing 2–6 setae and epipodite represented by 1 seta or completely absent; basis and endopod fused, with 5–14 setae; exopod 1-segmented, with 3 setae. Maxillary syncoxa with 4 endites, formula [3–4, 3, 2–3, 3]; allobasis with well developed basal endite forming claw with 1–3 accessory elements, endopodal armature of allobasis represented by 2 elements; endopod 1- to 3-segmented, with 4–8 setae in total. Maxilliped with syncoxa and basis or with elongated protopod; syncoxal endites formula [1–2, 2–3, 2], basal endite represented by 2 elements; endopod 2-segmented, formula: I-[0–1], II-[3–4].</p> <p>P1 basis with 1 inner and 1 outer seta, exopod 1-segmented and endopod 1- or 2-segmented. P2–P3 basis with outer seta, exopod 1-segmented, and 1- or 2-segmented endopod. P4 basis with outer seta, 1- or 2-segmented exopod, and endopod 1-segmented or absent. P1–P4 spine and seta formulae as follows:</p> <p>Female fifth pair of legs with protopod fused to supporting somite bearing 1 outer seta; exopod with 2–3 elements.</p> <p>Male unknown.</p> <p> <b>Type species.</b> <i>Cerviniella mirabilipes</i> Smirnov, 1946.</p> <p> <b>Other species.</b> <i>Cerviniella arctica</i> <b>sp. nov.</b>, <i>C. bodini</i> Coull, 1973, <i>C. brodskayae</i> Por, 1969, <i>C. danae</i> <b>sp. nov.</b>, <i>C. hamata</i> Coull, 1973, <i>C. hitoshii</i> <b>sp. nov.</b>, <i>C. lagarderei</i> Bodin, 1968, <i>C. langi</i> Bodin, 1968, <i>C. peruana</i> Becker, 1974, <i>C. talpa</i> (Por, 1964).</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> See Table 1.</p>Published as part of <i>Kihara, Terue C. & Arbizu, Pedro Martínez, 2012, Three new species of Cerviniella Smirnov, 1946 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) from the Arctic, pp. 1-33 in Zootaxa 3345</i> on pages 3-4, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/281475">10.5281/zenodo.281475</a&gt

Abyssal vent field habitats along plate margins in the Central Indian Ocean yield new species in the genus <i>Anatoma</i> (Vetigastropoda: Anatomidae)

New species in Anatoma Woodward, 1859 (Anatomidae, Vetigastropoda) are found in abyssal hydrothermal vent field habitats on the oceanic plate margins in the Indian Ocean. Six species are identified using molecular sequence analyses of which four species are described as new based on their morphological characters: Anatoma discapex sp. nov., Anatoma declivis sp. nov., Anatoma laevapex sp. nov. and Anatoma paucisculpta sp. nov. Inadequate material was available for a morphological description of the other two species with genetic identification, but it is likely that all six species are new to science and endemic to the Indian Ocean. The northern Central Indian Ridge localities are dominated by Anatoma declivis sp. nov.; its closest relative is Anatoma discapex sp. nov. which occurs in the central area near the Rodriguez Triple Junction. Anatoma laevapex sp. nov. and Anatoma paucisculpta sp. nov. as well as a fifth undescribed species are mainly found on the Southeast Indian Ridge.</p