NILAI SOSIAL DAN MORAL DALAM TEKS DRAMA PETANG DITAMAN KARYA IWAN SIMATUPANG MELALUI PENDEKATAN STRUKTURAL

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk  mendiskripsikan kritik sosial yang terdapat di dalam naskah drama petang ditaman karya iwan simatupang,  memaparkan implementasi hasil penelitian dari naskah drama . Objek kajian dalam penelitian ini adalah sosial dan moral. Data yang dibutuhkan berupa dialog-dialog yang terdapat dalam naskah drama pang ditaman. Sumber data diperoleh dari naskah drama dan referensi lain yang mendukung dalam penelitian ini. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah teknik pustaka dan simak catat. Teknik keabsahan data berupa teknik trianggulasi teori. Teknik analisis data menggunakan metode struktural., dalam penelitian meliputi, kritik sosial dalam naskah drama meliputi kritik sosial dan moral 

Aid and Peace A Critique of Foreign Assistance, Conflict and Development

In 2000, the World Bank estimated that 2.8 billion people lived on incomes of less than $2.00 a day. Meanwhile about forty percent of the world's population endured conflict, most of them from the same subset. The implementation of foreign assistance to mitigate poverty and conflict is a key focus of politicians, bureaucrats and social scientists. The goal of this research is to discover relationships among foreign aid, conflict, and socio-economic development, and assess the implications. Other evaluations either approach this issue from a hedonistic, theoretical standpoint, or follow a stylized project evaluation method. This research is intended to create a bridge between the two approaches by: 1) proposing theoretical models of assistance and conflict accounting for current status quo, and 2) introducing novel empirical methods to analyze the causes and effects of development, intervention and conflict. The research begins with a comparative analysis of different schools of thought concerning foreign intervention, conflict and development. Contemporary philosophies and policies provide the basis for assumptions and inquiries addressed in the latter part of this dissertation. The review is followed by a critique of relevant data and their sources. A theoretical model of foreign assistance allocation and its possible impacts on conflict is proposed. The theoretical model is verified through an empirical examination using inductive casual inference methods. It is concluded that under current mandates and policies, aggregate foreign assistance has no effect on conflict and development in poor countries. Research is then directed toward analyzing the effect of foreign assistance on conflict, disaggregated by sector. Agricultural and food security assistance were identified as the most effective method of mitigating conflict. The next segments of research concentrate on agricultural development. A model of agricultural development is proposed that will promote food security and mitigate conflict. In the last analysis, a direct causal relationship is found between commodity prices and conflict. Findings are summarized in the conclusion, and recommendations are provided for policy re-evaluations

Estimating Cost of Conflict and Increasing Food Security In Southern Sudan

In order to meet humanitarian assistance programs, donor organizations like WFP need to procure food either locally or import it. Internal conflict may pose significant barriers to local and regional procurement programs like P4P. We develop a methodology to estimate the cost of conflict using a microeconomic setting. We examine the use of forward contracts to procure locally and derive a) what price should be paid to the suppliers, b) how should contracts be designed so that agents relinquish conflict and sign P4P contracts.Food Security and Poverty,

Conflict, Aid and Poverty: Cause, Effect and Prediction

Recent studies and reports suggest that foreign aid/intervention has been somewhat futile in eradicating conflict. In this study, we develop a simultaneous donor/recipient model of foreign aid and terrorism. Thereafter, we extend our theoretical propositions through a machine learning algorithm of inductive causation. We find that terrorism increases foreign aid, however foreign assistance is futile in mitigating terrorism. Additionally, socio-economic factors influence foreign aid given by the donors. But foreign assistance is unsuccessful in enhancing the livelihoods of the underprivileged. We conclude that foreign aid policies need to be more efficient.Food Security and Poverty, International Relations/Trade,

The Role of Conflict in Farmers’ Crop Choices in North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Cropping choices under uncertainty caused by weather, input prices, and ecological conditions have been addressed in contemporary literature. However, uncertainty arising from violent conflict on farming choices lacks substantial academic attention. In this research we address the ramifications of conflict on household cropping choices, building on the notion of “conflict resistant” cropping systems introduced in Kibriya et al. 2014 and King et al. 2013. We argue that farming households’ preferences change under conflict as they revert to a cropping system that minimizes losses. This novel concept is solidified by formulating a definition through rational choice theory. The theoretical expectations are verified through data obtained from 2300 smallholder farming households in North Kivu, DRC. A case study and propensity score matching methods are employed to demonstrate that conflict-affected households focus more on low-value crops that are less frequently stolen in order to maximize the probability of survival

Nonlinear dynamics of self-centring rocking steel frames using finite element models

Rocking post-tensioned steel frames capitalise on the use of rocking joints, and unbonded post-tensioning strands to provide self-centring action. Investigations on the complex and unconventional nonlinear dy- namics of tied rocking steel frames, exclusive of supplemental damping methods, are presently limited. Increasing levels of energy-dissipation reduce the probability of observing nonlinear dynamic phenomena such as co-existing (high/low) amplitude responses at and around the system’s nonlinear resonance. To this end, a finite element (FE) modelling framework is presented, validated and extended to multi-storey steel buildings. It is shown that the simulation strategies proposed enable an accurate representation of the complex nonlinear dynamics of self-centring structures, over a wide range of excitation frequencies and amplitudes. The methodology, applied to multi-storey steel frames, captures the presence of sub-harmonic resonances and higher-modes. It is also demonstrated that the additional demands observed in the rocking columns are the consequence of the asymmetry of the member boundary conditions

Properties of concrete with crushed brick coarse aggregates

Three types of bricks were selected for testing properties of brick aggregates and brick aggregate concrete. W/C ratios from 0.63 to 0.24 were investigated. The mix design method given in 'Design of Normal Concrete Mixes' specified by the Department of Environment U K. was followed initially. Permeability testing for concrete with brick aggregates was carried out by the help of ISAT, capillary rise test and Voltage driven chloride diffusion test. Tests for evaluation of frost resistance of concrete with brick aggregates were carried out along with sulphate resistance tests on concrete with brick aggregates. Investigations on high strength concrete with brick aggregates were also made along with tests on mixes with Thames Valley gravel replaced partially by brick aggregates. Mixes with brick aggregates were generally observed to be less workable as compared to mixes with gravel. Performance of concrete with brick aggregates depends basically on the crushing strength and absorption of bricks from which the aggregates are obtained. Brick aggregate concrete developed satisfactory cube compressive strength. Cylinder strength was observed to be about 10% lower, as compared to concrete with gravel. Split cylinder tensile strength varied from 18% lower to 20% higher whereas flexural strength was observed to vary from 13% lower to 22% higher than concrete with gravel. Strains were observed to be 10 to 83% higher at failure, for brick aggregate concrete. Static modulus of elasticity was found to be 28 to 59% lower whereas dynamic modulus was also observed to be lower by 13 to 2 6% as compared to concrete with gravel. Densities of concrete with brick aggregates were lower by 5 to 13% than concrete with gravel. Coefficient of thermal expansion varied from 35% lower to 5% higher than the values of normal concrete. Concrete with brick aggregate was found to have the values of surface absorption ranging from about the same to twice than for concrete with gravel aggregate. Chloride ion diffusion rates also varied from two to three times the amount for concrete with gravel. Concrete with normal construction brick aggregates was observed to be highly frost susceptible whereas concrete with sand lime brick aggregate performed better and concrete with engineering brick aggregate performed in a similar manner to concrete with gravel aggregate. In the sulphate resistance test, the reduction in dynamic modulus for concrete with gravel was rapid as compared to a gradual reduction for concrete with brick aggregates. High strength concretes with engineering brick aggregate developed satisfactory strengths up to 80N/mm2. Concrete with brick aggregates mixed with gravel showed reduced frost resistance, 37% reduction in static modulus and 23% reduction in dynamic modulus of elasticity as compared to concrete with gravel aggregate