Potentiality of natural live food organisms in shrimp culture: A review

The aquaculture industry is growing quickly due to increased fish consumption and a decline in wild fish catch. About half of the world's seafood demand for human consumption is now met by farmed seafood. The aquafeed market is expanding along with the aquaculture sector. Some of the elements in shrimp feed are derived from terrestrial plants and low-value forage fishes (fish meal). It is impossible to produce more fish meals since doing so would harm the ocean's environment and sustainability. The reduction in shrimp feed cost can also be done by introducing low-cost, environment-friendly ingredients in shrimp feed formulation. Therefore, new and ecologically friendly shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) feed component sources must be created. Live food organisms are a preferable option for this since they provide a variety of essential amino acids and beneficial triglycerides like fat, vitamins, and colors in their cell metabolites. Microalgae biomasses also represent feasible ingredients for shrimp feed sources. Their distinctive variety of bioactive chemicals can enhance color and pellet quality, act as a bulk element in shrimp feed, and boost the viability of farmed species. Live food organisms have a great economic potential since they have the highest  biomass productivity of all photosynthetic organisms. In addition to giving farmers and exporters a better choice for feeding their fish, the availability of on-grown live food would also open up the prospect of improving the performance and quality of the fish and shrimp through bioencapsulation. This review study examines the possibility of generating natural food biomass as a component in shrimp feed.

Effect of zinc concentration on the growth performance of White leg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei Boone

Awareness about healthy organic food is increasing, leading to research on contaminants/pollutants and their effect on aquatic fauna and mankind. The effect of zinc sulphate on the growth performance of White leg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) was evaluated under six doses viz; 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 mg/l in in vitro study conducted from June to October 2021.  The results revealed that higher doses of zinc sulphate showed toxicity against L. vannamei. The weight (3.12gm), length (8.95cm), weight gain per shrimp (4.11g), average daily weight gain (0.032), and specific growth rate (1.1g) were significantly (5%) lower at the higher dose (8mg/l) of zinc sulphate than control 11.73g, 16.22cm, 19.75g, 0.156g, and 2.20g respectively. With an increase in zinc sulphate dose from 0 mg/l in control to 8 mg/l, survival of shrimp decreased from 100 % to 7%. The Lethal concentration (LC50) for zinc sulphate treatments was recorded at 0.71 ppm for shrimp. The water quality parameter pH (7.17-8.09), dissolved oxygen (6.13-7.58mg/l), hardness (4000-4772mg/l), and total alkalinity (162-231mg/l) were in an optimum range. The variation in Nitrite- Nitrogen, Nitrate- Nitrogen and Ammonical-Nitrogen (0-0.018, 0-0.4, 0-0.018mg/l) were within a permissible range. Thus, the present study revealed that zinc had a negative potential effect on L. vannamei at higher concentrations and may lead to serious economic loss to farmers if ignored

Ecological impact of heavy metals on aquatic environment with reference to fish and human health

Heavy metals have a high density that is harmful even in low quantity. These metals enter aquatic habitats through various sources, home effluents, including industrial waste, atmospheric sources, and other metal-based businesses, as well as E-Waste. Heavy metal pollution is responsible for degenerating aquatic species, creating physical abnormalities in creatures and contaminating the aquatic environment. These poisonous heavy metals cause a variety of fish ailments like decrease in hatching rate, teratogenesis and bioaccumulation in the tissues etc. The contamination of heavy metals in aquatic bodies and ecosystems has a significant influence on the food chain. Because fish people consume fish, it has an indirect impact on their health. These heavy metals also have a higher impact on the environment because they remain for longer periods and have bio-accumulative capabilities, leading water health to deteriorate. This study offers insight into the disruption of fish and human physiology, their reproductive ability by heavy metals. This review provides baseline data on the heavy metals and aquatic environment, especially fish and human health. The data will increase sensitivity to preventing and managing aquatic environmental pollution, particularly heavy metal contamination

Occurrence of neurocysticercosis in patients presenting with seizure and its serological evaluation

Background: Aims and objectives was to diagnose neurocysticercosis among the patient admitted with seizure in Pediatric Department of TMMRC and to correlate the serological and radiological findings.Methods: A total of 100 patients presenting with recent onset seizures were recruited from Pediatric department of a local major tertiary care teaching hospital during the period 2016-2017. Brain imaging was performed in all the above cases. Serological assessment was done using ELISA kit. Diagnosis of neurrocysticercois was done using Del Brutto’s criteria.Results: The recruited patients presented with generalized, simple partial, and focal seizures (68%, 21% and 11% respectively). NCC was diagnosed in 37 of 100 (37.0%) seizure cases based on imaging characteristics. There were 13% cases in whom, MRI showed calcified NCC/granuloma suggestive of NCC. In 24% cases, scolex suggestive of NCC was seen. A total of 15 (15%) cases were seropositive for Taenia. Using Del Brutto criteria, a total of 23% cases were diagnosed as probable NCC and 15% as definite neurocysticercosis. A total of 62% cases were confirmed as not having neurocysticercosis.Conclusions: The findings of present study showed that neurocysticercosis still is a major diagnosis among children presenting with seizure from this endemic area. Neuroimaging was a useful tool in diagnosis and characterisation of NCC than serological tool. The study highlighted the need to create awareness regarding maintenance of hygiene and cleanliness

Stress Distribution Around Triangular Hole in Orthotropic Plate

oai:ojs.nujet.org.in:article/101General solutions for determining the stress field around triangular hole in infinite orthotropic plate subjected to in-plane loading are obtained using Muskhelisvili's complex variable formulation. The generalized formulation thus obtained is coded and few numerical results are obtained using MATLAB 7.6. The effect of loading factor, corner radius, fibre orientation and material parameter on stress pattern around triangular hole is studied. Some of the results are compared with the results available from the literature

Spray-Dried Whey Protein Concentrate-Iron Complex: Preparation and Physicochemical Characterization

Slaba apsorpcija željeza iz hrane i oralnih pripravaka dovodi do prekomjerne uporabe oralnih pripravaka s visokom koncentracijom željeza, što nije prihvatljivo. Odvajanjem sirutke, nusprodukta proizvodnje sira, dolazi do zagađivanja okoliša. Proteini sirutke mogu vezati veće količine željeza i time smanjiti njegovu kemijsku reaktivnost i nekompatibilnost s ostalim sastojcima hrane. Kompleksiranjem željeza s koncentratom proteina sirutke i željeza povećala se njegova kompatibilnost s ostalim sastojcima hrane. Nakon toga je centrifugiranjem i ultrafiltracijom uklonjeno slobodno i netopljivo željezo. Radi bolje iskoristivosti željeza pripremeljen je prah kompleksa koncentrata proteina sirutke i željeza postupkom sušenja raspršivanjem. Optimalni uvjeti postupka bili su: ulazna temperatura zraka od 180 °C, protok od 2,66 mL/min i ukupni udjel čvrste tvari u otopini od 15 %. Kompleks je bio stabilan pri različitim uvjetima pripreme. Biološka dostupnost željeza in vitro bila je bitno (p<0,05) veća u kompleksu nego u željezo(II) sulfatu u simuliranim uvjetima gastrointestinalnog trakta. Stoga je zaključeno da se dobiveni kompleks može sigurno upotrijebiti za obogaćivanje prehrambenih proizvoda umjesto raznih pripravaka željeza.Poor absorption of iron from food and oral iron formulations results in extensive use of high-dose oral iron, which is not tolerated. Disposal of whey, a byproduct of the cheese industry, causes environmental pollution. Whey proteins have the ability to bind significant amount of iron, thereby reducing its chemical reactivity and incompatibility with other components in foods. To make iron compatible with food, it was complexed with whey protein concentrate (WPC). After complexation, centrifugation and ultrafiltration techniques were utilised to eliminate the insoluble and free iron from the solution. To enable the availability of whey protein concentrate–iron (WPC–Fe) complex in the powder form, spray drying technique was used. Optimized spray drying conditions used for the preparation were: inlet temperature 180 °C, flow rate 2.66 mL/min and solution of total solids 15 %. The complex was observed to be stable under different processing conditions. The in vitro bioaccessibility (iron uptake) of the bound iron from the WPC–Fe complex was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that from iron(II) sulphate under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. WPC–Fe complex with improved iron bioaccessibility could safely substitute iron fortificants in different functional food preparations

Visceral leishmaniasis outbreaks in Bihar: community-level investigations in the context of elimination of kala-azar as a public health problem.

BACKGROUND: With visceral leishmaniasis (VL) incidence at its lowest level since the 1960s, increasing attention has turned to early detection and investigation of outbreaks. METHODS: Outbreak investigations were triggered by recognition of case clusters in the VL surveillance system established for the elimination program. Investigations included ascertainment of all VL cases by date of fever onset, household mapping and structured collection of risk factor data. RESULTS: VL outbreaks were investigated in 13 villages in 10 blocks of 7 districts. Data were collected for 20,670 individuals, of whom 272 were diagnosed with VL between 2012 and 2019. Risk was significantly higher among 10-19 year-olds and adults 35 or older compared to children younger than 10 years. Outbreak confirmation triggered vector control activities and heightened surveillance. VL cases strongly clustered in tolas (hamlets within villages) in which > 66% of residents self-identified as scheduled caste or scheduled tribe (SC/ST); 79.8% of VL cases occurred in SC/ST tolas whereas only 24.2% of the population resided in them. Other significant risk factors included being an unskilled non-agricultural laborer, migration for work in a brick kiln, living in a kuccha (mud brick) house, household crowding, habitually sleeping outside or on the ground, and open defecation. CONCLUSIONS: Our data highlight the importance of sensitive surveillance with triggers for case cluster detection and rapid, careful outbreak investigations to better respond to ongoing and new transmission. The strong association with SC/ST tolas suggests that efforts should focus on enhanced surveillance in these disadvantaged communities

Optimizing Village-Level Targeting of Active Case Detection to Support Visceral Leishmaniasis Elimination in India.

Background: India has made major progress in improving control of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in recent years, in part through shortening the time infectious patients remain untreated. Active case detection decreases the time from VL onset to diagnosis and treatment, but requires substantial human resources. Targeting approaches are therefore essential to feasibility. Methods: We analyzed data from the Kala-azar Management Information System (KAMIS), using village-level VL cases over specific time intervals to predict risk in subsequent years. We also graphed the time between cases in villages and examined how these patterns track with village-level risk of additional cases across the range of cumulative village case-loads. Finally, we assessed the trade-off between ACD effort and yield. Results: In 2013, only 9.3% of all villages reported VL cases; this proportion shrank to 3.9% in 2019. Newly affected villages as a percentage of all affected villages decreased from 54.3% in 2014 to 23.5% in 2019, as more surveillance data accumulated and overall VL incidence declined. The risk of additional cases in a village increased with increasing cumulative incidence, reaching approximately 90% in villages with 12 cases and 100% in villages with 45 cases, but the vast majority of villages had small cumulative case numbers. The time-to-next-case decreased with increasing case-load. Using a 3-year window (2016-2018), a threshold of seven VL cases at the village level selects 329 villages and yields 23% of cases reported in 2019, while a threshold of three cases selects 1,241 villages and yields 46% of cases reported in 2019. Using a 6-year window increases both effort and yield. Conclusion: Decisions on targeting must consider the trade-off between number of villages targeted and yield and will depend upon the operational efficiencies of existing programs and the feasibility of specific ACD approaches. The maintenance of a sensitive, comprehensive VL surveillance system will be crucial to preventing future VL resurgence

Development and Evaluation of Active Case Detection Methods to Support Visceral Leishmaniasis Elimination in India.

As India moves toward the elimination of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) as a public health problem, comprehensive timely case detection has become increasingly important, in order to reduce the period of infectivity and control outbreaks. During the 2000s, localized research studies suggested that a large percentage of VL cases were never reported in government data. However, assessments conducted from 2013 to 2015 indicated that 85% or more of confirmed cases were eventually captured and reported in surveillance data, albeit with significant delays before diagnosis. Based on methods developed during these assessments, the CARE India team evolved new strategies for active case detection (ACD), applicable at large scale while being sufficiently effective in reducing time to diagnosis. Active case searches are triggered by the report of a confirmed VL case, and comprise two major search mechanisms: 1) case identification based on the index case's knowledge of other known VL cases and searches in nearby houses (snowballing); and 2) sustained contact over time with a range of private providers, both formal and informal. Simultaneously, house-to-house searches were conducted in 142 villages of 47 blocks during this period. We analyzed data from 5030 VL patients reported in Bihar from January 2018 through July 2019. Of these 3033 were detected passively and 1997 via ACD (15 (0.8%) via house-to-house and 1982 (99.2%) by light touch ACD methods). We constructed multinomial logistic regression models comparing time intervals to diagnosis (30-59, 60-89 and ≥90 days with =90 days compared to the referent of <30 days for ACD vs PCD were 0.88, 0.56 and 0.42 respectively. These ACD strategies not only reduce time to diagnosis, and thus risk of transmission, but also ensure that there is a double check on the proportion of cases actually getting captured. Such a process can supplement passive case detection efforts that must go on, possibly perpetually, even after elimination as a public health problem is achieved

Annihilator domination number of tensor product of path graphs

An annihilator dominating set (ADS) is a representative technique for finding the induced subgraph of a graph which can help to isolate the vertices. A dominating set of graph G is called ADS if its induced subgraph is containing only isolated vertices. The annihilator domination number of G, denoted by γa(G) is the minimum cardinality of ADS. The tensor product of graphs G and H signified by G × H is a graph with vertex set V = V (G)×V (H) and edge {(u, v),(u 0 , v0 )} ∈ E whenever (u, u0 ) ∈ E(G) and (v, v0 ) ∈ E(H). In this paper, we deduce exact values of annihilator domination number of tensor product of Pm and Pn, m, n ≥ 2. Further, we investigated some lower and upper bounds for annihilator domination number of tensor product of path graphs.Publisher's Versio