Why, when, and how workers regulate:a lifespan perspective on work design and emotion regulation at work

Work-related well-being across the lifespan is influenced by both work conditions and emotion regulation strategies. The aim of this dissertation is to look at why people regulate their emotions at work, how age and work conditions influence the use of emotion regulation strategies at work, and how regulatory strategies influence well-being and adjustment to stressors. A key finding of the dissertation is that emotion regulation strategy use at work is contingent on three factors: First, certain emotion regulation strategies are underpinned by daily communion motives (getting along with others). These motives may be influenced by age and career stage. Second, regulatory strategies are predicted by the work context, in that motivating jobs promote the use of emotion regulation strategies that are favorable to well-being, and taxing jobs promote the use of emotion regulation strategies that are unfavorable to well-being. However, older workers show more stable use of regulatory strategies across work conditions compared to younger workers. Third, regulatory strategies are predicted by the age of the worker, in that relatively older workers use more favorable emotion regulation strategies than younger workers. The dissertation also shows that habitual regulatory strategies may influence the trajectory of perceived job insecurity in the context of extraordinary career shocks (as was the case during the COVID-19 pandemic), which shows that strategy choice may influence the way people adjust to stressors. In sum, the findings of this dissertation suggest that situational factors, such as work conditions and daily motives, and individual factors, such as age, are likely to predict which strategies people use at work. These strategies, in turn, may influence work-related well-being and the way people experience stressors over time

Ultrasound and supercritical fluids as useful tools to recover nutrients and bioactive compounds from aquaculture and marine side streams

Los productos provenientes de la acuacultura, así como de los subproductos marinos contienen una cantidad muy importante y diversa de compuestos con diferentes actividades biológicas, atrayendo así el interés de las industrias alimentaria, farmacéutica y cosmética, entre otras. Para beneficiarse de éstos, especialmente subproductos del pescado y microalgas, como fuente potencial de diversos compuestos antioxidantes, proteínas, carbohidratos, pigmentos, compuestos fenólicos, etc., la extracción en sí juega un papel crucial, fundamentalmente cuando se trata de tecnologías verdes y sostenibles. Las técnicas de extracción convencionales implican el uso de disolventes orgánicos y requieren tiempos de extracción prolongados. Las tecnologías innovadoras de extracción ecológicas evitan los desafíos relacionados con los métodos de extracción convencionales y son ambientalmente sostenibles. Además, en comparación con los métodos convencionales, las tecnologías innovadoras de extracción ecológicas maximizan los rendimientos de extracción. En esta línea, las tecnologías de extracción de fluidos supercríticos y ultrasonidos se encuentran entre las nuevas tecnologías ampliamente utilizadas para la extracción de compuestos con un potencial valor añadido a partir de subproductos de pescado y microalgas. Además, estas tecnologías se utilizan ampliamente para la extracción y descontaminación de micotoxinas alimentarias. El objetivo de la presente Tesis Doctoral es la optimización de la tecnología de extracción asistida por ultrasonidos (UAE) para la extracción de nutrientes y compuestos bioactivos antioxidantes a partir de subproductos de pescado (ej: lubina) y microalgas (ej: Phaeodactylum tricornutum), además de evaluar la contaminación con micotoxinas´ en extractos de pescado. Para este propósito, las condiciones de los UAE se han optimizado utilizando una metodología de superficie de respuesta (RSM) con las variables dependientes: tiempo (0,5–30 min), pH (5,5–8,5) y temperatura (20–50 ° C). En cuanto a los subproductos de pescado (cabeza, piel, espinas y vísceras), los resultados obtenidos tras el análisis de los extractos obtenidos revelaron un alto porcentaje de recuperación de proteínas y una alta actividad antioxidante presente en éstos. Los valores más altos se obtuvieron para las vísceras, cuando el tiempo y la temperatura aumentaron hasta 30 min y 50 °C. El estudio de RSM mostró que los valores óptimos para obtener el mayor porcentaje de proteína y capacidad antioxidante para la cabeza fueron 25 min, 20 °C y pH = 5.5, mientras que para los subproductos provenientes de la piel los parámetros óptimos se obtuvieron tras aplicar 30 min, 35 °C y pH = 8.5, para espinas fueron necesarios 30 min de extracción a 20 °C y 8.5 pH y para las vísceras se necesitaron 26 min de UAE a 50 °C con el mismo pH de 8.5 para conseguir las condiciones óptimas. Los valores experimentales obtenidos para lograr los valores más altos de proteínas y antioxidantes de los subproductos de pescado fueron cercanos a los esperados, confirmando así la validez del modelo empleado para establecer las condiciones óptimas de los UAE. Además, el análisis del contenido de micotoxinas en los extractos mediante LC-MS/MS-QTRAP mostró la ausencia de las micotoxinas analizadas en todos los extractos. En cuanto a la microalga P. tricornutum, el máximo rendimiento de extracción de nutrientes, compuestos bioactivos y capacidad antioxidante se logró tras aplicar 30 min de extracción a 50 ºC y un pH de 8.5. La evaluación de los carotenoides y los compuestos fenólicos totales mostró que ambos compuestos bioactivos antioxidantes se vieron afectados positivamente por el tiempo de extracción por ultrasonidos, mientras que la extracción de carbohidratos se vió afectada positivamente por la temperatura. La capacidad antioxidante, medida por el ácido 2,2′-azino-bis-3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfónico (ABTS), se vió influenciada de forma significativa por el tiempo de extracción, mientras que en el caso de la capacidad antioxidante medida por el ensayo de capacidad antioxidante de radicales de oxígeno (ORAC), la temperatura fue el factor más significativo seguido por el tiempo de extracción.Aquaculture products and marine side streams are found to be a great source of diverse groups of compounds with several biological activities, thus attracting the interest of food, pharmaceutic, and cosmetic industries, among others. To benefit from them, more specifically the fish side streams and microalgae, as a potential source of diverse antioxidant compounds, proteins, carbohydrates, pigments, phenolic compounds etc., the extraction itself plays a crucial role, essentially when it is assisted by a green and sustainable technology. The conventional extraction techniques involve the use of organic solvents and require long extraction times while the innovative green extraction technologies, avoid the challenges related to the conventional extraction methods and are environmentally sustainable. In addition, compared to conventional methods, innovative green extraction technologies maximize the extraction yields. In this line, ultrasound-assisted and supercritical fluid extraction technologies are among the new technologies widely used for the extraction of valuable compounds from fish and marine microalgae. Moreover, these technologies are widely used for food mycotoxins extraction and decontamination. The objective of the present Doctoral Thesis is the optimization of the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) technology for the extraction of nutrients and antioxidant bioactive compounds fish (i.e. sea bass) side streams and microalgae (i.e. Phaeodactylum tricornutum), in addition to evaluating mycotoxins´ contamination in fish extracts. For this purpose, UAE conditions have been optimized using a response surface methodology (RSM) with the dependent variables: time (0.5–30 min), pH (5.5–8.5), and temperature (20–50 °C). Regarding sea bass side streams (head, skin, bones and viscera), the results obtained after analyzing the extracts obtained revealed a high percentage of proteins recovery and a high antioxidant activity present in these side streams. The highest values were obtained for viscera, when the time and temperature increased up to 30 min and 50 °C. The RSM study showed that the optimal values to obtain the highest protein percentage and antioxidant capacity for the head were 25 min, 20 °C and pH=5.5, while for the skin side streams the optimal parameters were 30 min, 35 °C and pH=8.5, for bones, 30 min of extraction at 20 °C and 8.5 pH and for the viscera 26 min of UAE at 50 °C with the same pH of 8.5 were the optimal conditions. The experimental values obtained to achieve the highest proteins and antioxidant values from fish side streams were close to those expected, thus confirming the validity of the employed model to establish the optimal UAE conditions. Furthermore, the analysis of the mycotoxins content in the extracts using LC-MS/MS-QTRAP showed the absence of the analyzed mycotoxins in all the extracts. As for the microalgae P. tricornutum, the maximum extraction yield of nutrients, bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity were achieved after 30 min of extraction at 50 ºC and a pH of 8.5. The evaluation of the carotenoids and total phenolic compounds showed that both antioxidant bioactive compounds were positively affected by the ultrasound extraction time, whereas the carbohydrates extraction was positively affected by the temperature. The antioxidant capacity, measured by 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), was strongly modulated by the extraction time, while for the antioxidant capacity measured by oxygen radical antioxidant capacity (ORAC) assay, the temperature was the most significant factor followed by the extraction time

Online assessment of cognitive functioning across the adult lifespan using the eCOGTEL:A reliable alternative to laboratory testing

As the population ages, risks for cognitive decline threaten independence and quality of life of older adults. Classically, psychological assessment tools that evaluate cognitive functioning are administered in face-to-face laboratory sessions, which are time- and resource-consuming. The present study set out to examine whether the eCOGTEL—an online adaptation of the Cognitive Telephone Screening Instrument (COGTEL; Kliegel et al. in J Psychol 141(2):147–170, 2007)—represents a reliable measure of cognitive performance in adulthood. Therefore, an age-stratified adult lifespan sample of 253 participants (aged 19–86 years) completed a face-to-face assessment in the laboratory and a self-administered online version, at their homes. A second, independent sample of 176 younger adults (aged 19–30 years) performed a test–retest assessment of the eCOGTEL. Results showed strong correlations between overall cognitive scores assessed online and in the laboratory, as well as a high test–retest reliability. Further, comparable data distributions between both assessment modes underline the feasibility of the eCOGTEL across the adult lifespan and particularly in older age. Our findings thereby indicate that the eCOGTEL can reliably measure cognitive performance across the lifespan at reduced costs, which may help detecting individuals at risk of developing age-related cognitive decline. Due to these strengths, the eCOGTEL represents a valuable contemporary approach for the resource-efficient online assessment of cognition, which may benefit a broad array of fundamental and applied research fields, such as clinical and organizational psychology. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10433-021-00667-x

Examining the effect of Early Life Stress on autonomic and endocrine indicators of individual stress reactivity

Early life stress (ELS) is associated with altered stress reactivity and an increased risk for the development of psychopathological conditions in later life. However, depending on whether autonomic or endocrine measures were used as indicators of stress reactivity, previous studies reported conflicting findings of either increased or decreased stress reactivity after ELS experience. In the present study we therefore aimed to investigate the effect of ELS on both autonomic and endocrine indicators (heart rate and salivary cortisol) of individual stress reactivity and applied a psychosocial stress task in a sample of healthy participants with and without exposure to mild to moderate ELS. Results showed no significant effects of ELS on autonomic and endocrine indicators of individual stress reactivity. Importantly though, heart rate proved as more sensitive than salivary cortisol with regard to differentiating between stress and control conditions and thereby as a more feasible indicator of an individual's stress reactivity. Accordingly, our data suggest that sole reliance on salivary cortisol as an indicator of stress reactivity might lead to an oversight of more subtle effects of psychosocial stress

Examining the effect of Early Life Stress on autonomic and endocrine indicators of individual stress reactivity

Early life stress (ELS) is associated with altered stress reactivity and an increased risk for the development of psychopathological conditions in later life. However, depending on whether autonomic or endocrine measures were used as indicators of stress reactivity, previous studies reported conflicting findings of either increased or decreased stress reactivity after ELS experience. In the present study we therefore aimed to investigate the effect of ELS on both autonomic and endocrine indicators (heart rate and salivary cortisol) of individual stress reactivity and applied a psychosocial stress task in a sample of healthy participants with and without exposure to mild to moderate ELS. Results showed no significant effects of ELS on autonomic and endocrine indicators of individual stress reactivity. Importantly though, heart rate proved as more sensitive than salivary cortisol with regard to differentiating between stress and control conditions and thereby as a more feasible indicator of an individual's stress reactivity. Accordingly, our data suggest that sole reliance on salivary cortisol as an indicator of stress reactivity might lead to an oversight of more subtle effects of psychosocial stress

Применение информационных технологий и этические нюансы в управлении массовым сознанием

This paper discusses the current value of information technology in our lives, as well as their application to control the mass consciousness

Effects of Anti-VEGF on Predicted Antibody Biodistribution: Roles of Vascular Volume, Interstitial Volume, and Blood Flow

BACKGROUND: The identification of clinically meaningful and predictive models of disposition kinetics for cancer therapeutics is an ongoing pursuit in drug development. In particular, the growing interest in preclinical evaluation of anti-angiogenic agents alone or in combination with other drugs requires a complete understanding of the associated physiological consequences. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Technescan™ PYP™, a clinically utilized radiopharmaceutical, was used to measure tissue vascular volumes in beige nude mice that were naïve or administered a single intravenous bolus dose of a murine anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) antibody (10 mg/kg) 24 h prior to assay. Anti-VEGF had no significant effect (p>0.05) on the fractional vascular volumes of any tissues studied; these findings were further supported by single photon emission computed tomographic imaging. In addition, apart from a borderline significant increase (p = 0.048) in mean hepatic blood flow, no significant anti-VEGF-induced differences were observed (p>0.05) in two additional physiological parameters, interstitial fluid volume and the organ blood flow rate, measured using indium-111-pentetate and rubidium-86 chloride, respectively. Areas under the concentration-time curves generated by a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model changed substantially (>25%) in several tissues when model parameters describing compartmental volumes and blood flow rates were switched from literature to our experimentally derived values. However, negligible changes in predicted tissue exposure were observed when comparing simulations based on parameters measured in naïve versus anti-VEGF-administered mice. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These observations may foster an enhanced understanding of anti-VEGF effects in murine tissues and, in particular, may be useful in modeling antibody uptake alone or in combination with anti-VEGF

Real-Time Visualization and Quantitation of Vascular Permeability In Vivo: Implications for Drug Delivery

The leaky, heterogeneous vasculature of human tumors prevents the even distribution of systemic drugs within cancer tissues. However, techniques for studying vascular delivery systems in vivo often require complex mammalian models and time-consuming, surgical protocols. The developing chicken embryo is a well-established model for human cancer that is easily accessible for tumor imaging. To assess this model for the in vivo analysis of tumor permeability, human tumors were grown on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), a thin vascular membrane which overlays the growing chick embryo. The real-time movement of small fluorescent dextrans through the tumor vasculature and surrounding tissues were used to measure vascular leak within tumor xenografts. Dextran extravasation within tumor sites was selectively enhanced an interleukin-2 (IL-2) peptide fragment or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF treatment increased vascular leak in the tumor core relative to surrounding normal tissue and increased doxorubicin uptake in human tumor xenografts. This new system easily visualizes vascular permeability changes in vivo and suggests that vascular permeability may be manipulated to improve chemotherapeutic targeting to tumors