Vertical price transmission along the diary supply chain in Russia

Many studies have analysed vertical price transmission using time-series econometric methods but vertical price transmission in the milk market in Russia has not been investigated. This paper studies vertical price transmission along the whole milk supply chain in the Russian market using the autoregressive distributed lags model. Monthly farm-gate and retail prices in Voronezh Oblast, a historically large agrarian region located to the south of Moscow, covering the period from 2002 to 2014 were used in the analysis. When estimating the vertical price transmission in the dairy market, seasonality should be taken into account. Using a cointegration technique, no empirical evidence is found for cointegration between farm-gate and retail prices. There is unidirectional Granger causality from retail to farm prices and not vice versa. The results support the assumption that price changes are not transmitted efficiently from one level to another and support the view that Russian retailers have more market power than farmers

Price transmission on the Slovak dairy market

There are problems in the functioning of the food supply chain related to price transmission and value-added distribution. Vertical price transmission analysis is an important research area in the aspect of the assessment of impact on the welfare at the producer, processor and retailer levels. The paper investigates vertical price transmission along the whole milk supply chain after the end of European Union milk quotas in the Slovak market using a vector error correction model. Monthly farm-gate, processor and retail prices in the Slovak Republic covering the period from 2010 to 2016 were used in the analysis. Using the Johansen co-integration technique, empirical evidence has been found for two co-integration equations between farm-gate, processor and retail prices. We show that short-term and long-term bilateral causal relationships exist between prices at different market stages. The estimation of the price transmission elasticity supports the assumption that price changes are not transmitted efficiently from one level to another. However, symmetric price transmission exists between farm-gate and processor prices for whole milk in the long term. The perfect price transmission may also be due to recently emerging and strengthening the producer organisations that enable producers support their bargaining position in the supply chain

Vertical price transmission along the diary supply chain in Russia

Many studies have analysed vertical price transmission using time-series econometric procedures but vertical price transmission in the milk market in Russia has not been investigated. This paper studies vertical price transmission along the whole milk supply chain in the Russian market using the autoregressive distributed lags model. Monthly farm-gate and retail prices in Voronezh Oblast, a historically large agrarian region located to the south of Moscow, covering the period from 2002 to 2014 were used in the analysis. When estimating the vertical price transmission in the dairy market, seasonality should be taken into account. Using a cointegration technique, no empirical evidence is found for cointegration between farm-gate and retail prices. There is unidirectional Granger causality from retail to farm prices and not vice versa. The results support the assumption that price changes are not transmitted efficiently from one level to another and support the view that Russian retailers have more market power than farmers

Asymmetry in Price Transmission: Evidence from the Wheat-Flour Supply Chain in Russia

Price volatility has serious implications for economic welfare of various agents in the grain supply chain. The paper examines asymmetric price transmission along the wheat producer-processor supply chain in Russia using log-transformed monthly prices during the period of 2000-2019. Having specified linear asymmetric vector error correction model, we exposed the long-term cumulative asymmetry in price transmission, however, the hypothesis of short-term symmetry presence failed to reject. The analysis revealed dominant position for wheat producers and wholesalers over the wheat processors. Imperfect competition and their resulting market power, as well as the existence of a huge number of illegal processors are the main causes for asymmetric price transmission on the Russian wheat market

Price transmission between maize and poultry product markets in the Visegrád Group countries: What is more nonlinear, egg or chicken?

In this article, we present applied research in the field of price transmission modelling with the generalised additive model. In line with recent studies on nonlinear time series models for price transmission, we introduce a nonparametric technique of generalised additive modelling to provide evidence of nonlinear patterns in price linkages and compare the degree of nonlinearity in price transmission between feed maize and poultry product markets in the Visegrád Group countries. The results of our empirical approach contribute to knowledge about market competitiveness in the Visegrád Group countries and provide information to policymakers

Impact of Carbon Fluoroxide Nanoparticles on Cell Proliferation

Cytotoxicity of fluorescent carbon fluoroxide (CFO) nanoparticles (NPs) was studied in a label-free manner on several cancer and non-cancer cell lines. A direct cytotoxic effect of the CFO NPs was clearly observed by a suppression of cell proliferation. The real-time measurement of cell activities allowed to quantify the impact of the uptaken NPs on cell proliferation and after washout of the NPs from the cell culture medium. The results show more toxic effects of the CFO NPs on cancer than on non-cancer cell lines. The notion of NPs biocompatibility must be related to a maximum concentration value of the NPs acceptable for a given cell type. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity effects of NPs should be studied not only during their direct exposure to cells but also after their washout from the culture medium.ISSN:2079-499

The Root Collar Diameter Growth Reveals a Strong Relationship with the Height Growth of Juvenile Scots Pine Trees from Seeds Differentiated by Spectrometric Feature

This study is intended for forest owners considering options to increase the efficiency of the production of forest seedlings in automated nurseries. In the short rotation technology of the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), the production of seedlings was integrated in the process of grading seeds by spectrometric features, followed by the fall outplanting of containerized seedlings to a restorable post-pyrogenic site. There are studies of the spectrometric effect grading viable seeds, but a negligible amount of testing has been conducted on the seedling’s field performance from these seeds. It was very important for us to evaluate the morphogenesis of juvenile Scots pine trees in relation to the change in morphological features—increase in root collar diameter (RCD-increment) and increase in stem height (SH-increment)—in the second and third growing season from the field outplanting. To determine the nature of the interaction between independent (RCD increase), dependent (SH-increment), and categorical (seed spectrometric categories and timespans) variables, a regression analysis was performed using the R statistical software. All coefficients of the linear models are statistically significant at the 1% significance level, and all are positively associated with an increase in seedling height. On average, a RCD increment by 0.1 cm causes a SH-increment by 0.72 ± 0.16 cm (p = 9.779 × 10−6). In addition, in 2020, compared to 2019, the SH-increment was 5.46 ± 0.37 cm (p p < 0.001). Thus, in order to improve the plant propagation protocol, it seems advisable to first condition the seeds in accordance with the spectrometric feature, and to then apply a coating (by pelleting or encapsulating) in order to improve the storage and seeding conditions. For a medium-term assessment of the short rotation technology with an integrated seed spectrometric grading in the future, the morphogenesis of Scots pine trees at 5, 7 and 10 growing seasons from the seedlings field outplanting is controlled

Effect of Silicate Additive on Structural and Electrical Properties of Germanium Nanowires Formed by Electrochemical Reduction from Aqueous Solutions

Layers of germanium (Ge) nanowires (NWs) on titanium foils were grown by metal-assisted electrochemical reduction of germanium oxide in aqueous electrolytes based on germanium oxide without and with addition of sodium silicate. Structural properties and composition of Ge NWs were studied by means of the scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. When sodium silicate was added to the electrolyte, Ge NWs consisted of 1&ndash;2 at.% of silicon (Si) and exhibited smaller mean diameter and improved crystallinity. Additionally, samples of Ge NW films were prepared by ultrasonic removal of Ge NWs from titanium foils followed with redeposition on corundum substrates with platinum electrodes. The electrical conductivity of Ge NW films was studied at different temperatures from 25 to 300 &deg;C and an effect of the silicon impurity on the thermally activated electrical conductivity was revealed. Furthermore, the electrical conductivity of Ge NW films on corundum substrates exhibited a strong sensor response on the presence of saturated vapors of different liquids (water, acetone, ethanol, and isopropanol) in air and the response was dependent on the presence of Si impurities in the nanowires. The results obtained indicate the possibility of controlling the structure and electrical properties of Ge NWs by introducing silicate additives during their formation, which is of interest for applications in printed electronics and molecular sensorics