INJURIES OF SUBCLAVIAN & AXILLARY VESSELS AND THEIR SURGICAL MANAGEMENT

Objective: The complicated operational coverage to severe injuries needed for the conventional method of surgeries associate with the high rate of mortality & morbidity. We demonstrated our outcomes with respect to the conventional way of surgeries following the axillosubclavian injuries. Methodology: The surgery of twenty-nine patients suffering from axillosubclavian injuries carried out at the emergency department of Lahore General Hospital from December 2014 to April 2019. The methods of treatment and detection of disease, related injury of organ, rates of morbidity and mortality in the patients were under evaluation. Results: The reason of the injuries were wounds because of stab in 37.90% (n: 11) patients, wounds of gun firing in 31.0% (n: 9) patients, iatrogenic injuries were available in 17.20% (n: 5) patients & blunt trauma was present in 13.70% (n: 4) patients. Total 8 (27.50%) patients found with separated injuries of arteries while 72.40% (n: 21) found with injuries of coexisting organs as veins, bones, nerves and soft tissues. The main important surgical procedures were primary repair & utilization of the saphenous vein. Myocardial infarction causes the death of 1 patient. Rate of mortality was 3.40%. Conclusions: Injuries of subclavian and auxiliary vascular have a close association with the neurogenic, injuries of the soft tissues & osseous and early intervention are very necessary to recover these injuries. The better choice of the surgery is conventional method which has a poor status and fulfills the condition of emergency. Keywords: Axillosubclavian, Injury, Intervention, Methodology, Mortality, Stab, Gunfire, Detection, Soft Tissues, Bones, Iatrogenic, Complicated

THE APPLICATION OF BLOOM TAXONOMY FOR THE AMELIORATION OF EXAMINATION SYSTEM- A QUALITATIVE STUDY AT HSSC LEVEL IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN

Background: This qualitative study was aimed to apply Bloom Taxonomy forthe improvement of examination system at Higher Secondary SchoolCertificate (HSSC) level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The study tried toexplore the techniques of improvement of examination system by employingBloom Taxonomy in teaching learning process as well as in the setting ofexamination papers to bring credibility in the result of examination at HSSClevel. Method: For collection of data purposive sampling was used. Throughfour sets of semi-structured interviews, from the four respondents, i.e.,educationist, chairman and Controller BISE (Board of Intermediate andSecondary Education), and an Associate Professor from the department ofHigher Education of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Results: Four themes emergedfrom these interviews which were properly analyzed through thematicanalysis. The results of the study showed that holistic teaching, SLO (StudentLearning Outcomes) based examination, variety of questions in papers andcombination of all learning domains will properly help in the improvement ofexamination. Conclusion: The study recommends the incorporation of BloomTaxonomy in both teaching learning practices, as well as for the setting ofexamination papers accordingly

EXAMINATION ON THE CROSS ROAD - A QUALITATIVE INVESTIGATION AT SECONDARY SCHOOL LEVEL IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHAWA

Background: This qualitative study was aimed to clarify perplexes regarding examinations at secondary school level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and to understand the real position of examination in the education system. Method: Phenomenology was chosen as the enquiry method and purposive sampling was used for the collection of data through semi-structure interviews from six respondents (two each from board of intermediate and secondary education Peshawar, two from the department of elementary and secondary education KP and two from  the educationists one from public and other from private sector university). The collected data was analyzed through thematic analysis. Results: This study revealed that due to materialistic approach to education, examination which was a mean to education has usurped the very end of education. The abrogation and discontinuation of examination was timely needed due to Covid-19, while this practice is done in some advanced countries in normal situations. This study also identified that lack of professionalism in teachers has caused the students to resort to examination abuses. It was also find out that the exam culture is defective and is in the dire need of drastic reforms. Conclusion: This study recommended school based continuous assessment for the amelioration of examination system in the context of KP along with proper legislation regarding exams in abnormal situations; so that in pandemics disasters etc. the examinations could be handle without any hesitation

Envelope 2 protein phosphorylation sites S75 & 277 of hepatitis C virus genotype 1a and interferon resistance: A sequence alignment approach

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Hepatitis C is a major health problem affecting more than 200 million individuals in world including Pakistan. Current treatment regimen consisting of interferon alpha and ribavirin does not always succeed to eliminate virus completely from the patient's body.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Interferon induced antiviral protein kinase R (PKR) has a role in the hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment as dsRNA activated PKR has the capacity to phosphorylate the serine and threonine of E2 protein and dimerization viral RNA. E2 gene of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 has an active role in IFN resistance. E2 protein inhibits and terminates the kinase activity of PKR by blocking it in protein synthesis and cell growth. This brings forward a possible relation of E2 and PKR through a mechanism via which HCV evades the antiviral effect of IFN.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>A hybrid in-silico and wet laboratory approach of motif prediction, evolutionary and structural anlysis has pointed out serine 75 and 277 of the HCV E2 gene as a promising candidate for the serine phosphorylation. It is proposed that serine phosphorylation of HCV E2 gene has a significant role in interferon resistance.</p

EXAMINATION ON THE CROSS ROAD - A QUALITATIVE INVESTIGATION AT SECONDARY SCHOOL LEVEL IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHAWA

Background: This qualitative study was aimed to clarify perplexes regarding examinations at secondary school level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and to understand the real position of examination in the education system. Method: Phenomenology was chosen as the enquiry method and purposive sampling was used for the collection of data through semi-structure interviews from six respondents (two each from board of intermediate and secondary education Peshawar, two from the department of elementary and secondary education KP and two from  the educationists one from public and other from private sector university). The collected data was analyzed through thematic analysis. Results: This study revealed that due to materialistic approach to education, examination which was a mean to education has usurped the very end of education. The abrogation and discontinuation of examination was timely needed due to Covid-19, while this practice is done in some advanced countries in normal situations. This study also identified that lack of professionalism in teachers has caused the students to resort to examination abuses. It was also find out that the exam culture is defective and is in the dire need of drastic reforms. Conclusion: This study recommended school based continuous assessment for the amelioration of examination system in the context of KP along with proper legislation regarding exams in abnormal situations; so that in pandemics disasters etc. the examinations could be handle without any hesitation

Λc+\Lambda^+_c production in pppp and in pp-Pb collisions at sNN\sqrt {s_{NN}}=5.02 TeV

International audienceThe production cross section of prompt $\mathrm{\Lambda_{c}^{+}}$ charm baryons was measured with the ALICE detector at the LHC at midrapidity in proton-proton (pp) and proton-lead (p-Pb) collisions at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} = 5.02$ TeV. The $\mathrm{\Lambda_{c}^{+}}$ and $\rm {\overline{\Lambda}{}_c^-}$ baryons were reconstructed in the hadronic decay channels $\rm \Lambda_{c}^{+} \rightarrow p K^{-}\pi^{+}$ and $\rm \Lambda_{c}^{+}\to p K^{0}_{S}$ and respective charge conjugates. The measured differential cross sections as a function of transverse momentum ($p_{\rm T}$) and the $p_{\rm T}$-integrated $\mathrm{\Lambda_{c}^{+}}$ production cross section in pp and in p-Pb collisions are presented. The $\mathrm{\Lambda_{c}^{+}}$ nuclear modification factor ($R_\mathrm{pPb}$), calculated from the cross sections in pp and in p-Pb collisions, is presented and compared with the $R_\mathrm{pPb}$ of D mesons. The $\mathrm {\Lambda_{c}^{+}}/\mathrm {D^0}$ ratio is also presented and compared with the light-flavour baryon-to-meson ratios p$/\pi$ and $\Lambda /\mathrm {K^0_S}$, and measurements from other LHC experiments. The results are compared to predictions from model calculations and Monte Carlo event generators

Charged-particle multiplicity fluctuations in Pb–Pb collisions at √ sNN = 2.76 TeV

Measurements of event-by-event fluctuations of charged-particle multiplicities in Pb–Pb collisionsat √sNN = 2.76 TeV using the ALICE detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are presented in the pseudorapidity range |η| < 0.8 and transverse momentum 0.2 < pT < 2.0 GeV/c. The amplitude of the fluctuations is expressed in terms of the variance normalized by the mean of the multiplicity distribution. The η and pT dependences of the fluctuations and their evolution with respect to collision centrality are investigated. The multiplicity fluctuations tend to decrease from peripheral to central collisions. The results are compared to those obtained from HIJING and AMPT Monte Carlo event generators as well as to experimental data at lower collision energies. Additionally, the measured multiplicity fluctuations are discussed in the context of the isothermal compressibility of the high-density strongly-interacting system formed in central Pb–Pb collisions

First measurements of N-subjettiness in central Pb–Pb collisions at √ sNN = 2.76 TeV

The ALICE Collaboration reports the first fully-corrected measurements of the N-subjettiness observable for track-based jets in heavy-ion collisions. This study is performed using data recorded in pp and Pb–Pb collisions at centre-of-mass energies of √s = 7 TeV and √ sNN = 2.76 TeV, respectively. In particular the ratio of 2-subjettiness to 1-subjettiness, τ2/τ1, which is sensitive to the rate of two-pronged jet substructure, is presented. Energy loss of jets traversing the strongly interacting medium in heavy-ion collisions is expected to change the rate of two-pronged substructure relative to vacuum. The results are presented for jets with a resolution parameter of R = 0.4 and charged jet transverse momentum of 40 ≤ pT,jet ≤ 60 GeV/c, which constitute a larger jet resolution and lower jet transverse momentum interval than previous measurements in heavy-ion collisions. This has been achieved by utilising a semi-inclusive hadron-jet coincidence technique to suppress the larger jet combinatorial background in this kinematic region. No significant modification of the τ2/τ1 observable for track-based jets in Pb–Pb collisions is observed relative to vacuum PYTHIA6 and PYTHIA8 references at the same collision energy. The measurements of τ2/τ1, together with the splitting aperture angle ∆R, are also performed in pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV for inclusive jets. These results are compared with PYTHIA calculations at √s = 7 TeV, in order to validate the model as a vacuum reference for the Pb–Pb centre-of-mass energy. The PYTHIA references for τ2/τ1 are shifted to larger values compared to the measurement in pp collisions. This hints at a reduction in the rate of two-pronged jets in Pb–Pb collisions compared to pp collisions

KS0\mathrm {K_S}^{0}- and (anti-)Λ\Lambda -hadron correlations in pp collisions at s=13{\sqrt{s}} = 13 TeV

International audienceTwo-particle Azimuthal correlations are measured with the ALICE apparatus in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV to explore strangeness- and multiplicity-related effects in the fragmentation of jets and the transition regime between bulk and hard production, probed with the condition that a strange meson ($\mathrm {K_S}^{0}$) or baryon ($\Lambda$) with transverse momentum $p_{\mathrm T} >3$ GeV/$c$ is produced. Azimuthal correlations between kaons or $\Lambda$ hyperons with other hadrons are presented at midrapidity for a broad range of the trigger ($3< p_\mathrm {T}^\mathrm {trigg} < 20$ GeV/$c$) and associated particle $p_{\mathrm T}$ (1 GeV/$c< p_\mathrm {T}^\mathrm {assoc} < p_\mathrm {T}^\mathrm {trigg}$), for minimum-bias events and as a function of the event multiplicity. The near- and away-side peak yields are compared for the case of either $\mathrm {K_S}^{0}$ or $\Lambda$(${\overline{\Lambda }}$) being the trigger particle with that of inclusive hadrons (a sample dominated by pions). In addition, the measurements are compared with predictions from PYTHIA 8 and EPOS LHC event generators