Three-dimensional porous graphene networks expand graphene-based electronic device applications

In recent years, there has been increasing demand for 3D porous graphene structures with excellent 2D characteristics and great potential. As one avenue, several approaches for fabricating 3D porous graphene network structures have been proposed to realize multi-functional graphene materials with 2D graphene structures. Herein, we overview characteristics of 3D porous graphene for applications in future electronic devices along with physical insights into “2D to 3D graphene”, in which the characters of 2D graphene such as massless Dirac fermions are well preserved. The present review thus summarizes recent 3D porous graphene studies with a perspective for providing new and board applications of graphene in electronic devices

Involvement of Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 1 in Intestinal Toxicity of Methotrexate

金沢大学医薬保健研究域薬学系Purpose: Methotrexate (MTX) causes dose-limiting gastrointestinal toxicity due to exposure of intestinal tissues, and is a substrate of the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) 1. Here we examine the involvement of MRP1, which is reported to be highly expressed in the proliferative crypt compartment of the small intestine, in the gastrointestinal toxicity of MTX. Methods: MTX was intraperitonealy administered to mrp1 gene knockout (mrp1(-/-)) and wild-type (mrp1(+/+)) mice. Body weight, food and water intake were monitored, intestinal histological studies and pharmacokinetics of MTX were examined. Results: mrp1(-/-) mice more severely decreased body weight, food and water intake than mrp1(+/+) mice. Almost complete loss of villi throughout the small intestine in mrp1(-/-) mice was observed, whereas the damage was only partial in mrp1(+/+) mice. Plasma concentration and biliary excretion profiles of MTX were similar in mrp1(-/-) and mrp1(+/+) mice, though accumulation of MTX in immature proliferative cells isolated from mrp1(-/-) mice was much higher compared to mrp1(+/+) mice. Immunostaining revealed localization of Mrp1 in plasma membrane of the intestinal crypt compartment in mrp1(+/+) mice, but not in mrp1(-/-) mice. Conclusion: Mrp1 determines the exposure of proliferative cells in the small intestine to MTX, followed by gastrointestinal toxicity. © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

P-Glycoprotein (Abcb1) is involved in absorptive drug transport in skin

金沢大学医薬保健研究域薬学系 金沢大学医薬保健研究域医学系The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in drug disposition in skin. The distribution of P-gp substrates (rhodamine 123 and itraconazole) to the skin after administration from the epidermal side was lower in P-gp gene knockout (mdr1a/1b-/-) mice than that in wild-type mice. Coadministration of propranolol, a P-gp inhibitor, decreased the distribution of itraconazole to the skin in wild-type mice, but not in mdr1a/1b-/- mice. These results suggest that P-gp contributes to the influx (from the epidermal side) of its substrates into skin, although P-gp is generally involved in efflux of drugs from various tissues. This finding was supported by the lower vectorial transport of rhodamine 123 from the epidermal to the hypodermal side in mdr1a/1b-/- mice in Ussing-type chamber experiments and by the immunohistochemical localization of P-gp throughout the dermal layer. Distribution of itraconazole after intravenous administration, on the other hand, was higher in mdr1a/1b-/- mice than that in wild-type mice, suggesting that P-gp transports this drug from the skin to the circulation. The present findings are the first to demonstrate involvement of P-gp in dermal drug disposition. © 2008

Investigation of Patients with Oral Trauma Treated at University Hospital Department of Pedodontics－Comparison with Examination and Treatment Conditions 17 years Prior

我々は，2007年4月から2010年3月までの3年間に本院小児歯科へ口腔外傷を主訴として受診した0歳から15歳の233人（男154人，女79人）を対象として調査を行い，17年前に行った同様の調査報告と比較検討を行った。1．受傷時年齢は幼児期後期が最も高いが，17年前の45．5％から38．2％と減少傾向を示した。学童期後期についても17年前の15．6％から10．7％へと減少傾向を示した。一方，幼児期前期は17年前の13.8％から25.3％と増加傾向が認められた。2．受傷原因は，17年前は打撲による受傷が35.9％と最も多く，次いで転倒25.7％，親の目が届かない原因不明の受傷が24.6％の順で多かったが，今回は転倒による受傷が55.4％と最も多く，次いで衝突18.9％の順であった。3．受傷の既往歴があった小児はほぼ変わらなかったが，受傷の既往が不明である割合は17年前の22.8％からO.4％へと減少傾向を示した。4. 受傷部位については17年前とほぼ同様で，上顎前歯部の受傷が約7割を占めた。5. 受傷様式では，17年前と比べ軟組織の裂傷を合併するものが多い傾向を示した。6. 来院までに何らかの処置を受けた者は，17年前も現在も約15％とほぼ同じ割合であった。初診時の処置は経過観察が多いが，今回は整復固定といった機能維持や修復による審美回復の処置が増加傾向を示した