Unilateral bloody nipple discharge in a two-month-old male

Abstract Bloody nipple discharge is a rare but distressing finding in neonates and infants. We report on a 2-month-old boy with unilateral bloody nipple discharge. Ultrasound examination revealed dilated mammary ducts. This benign phenomenon is most likely to be caused by mammary ductal ectasia. Invasive investigations or surgery should be avoided in neonates or infants with bloody nipple discharge unless the discharge is unilateral, spontaneous, persistent and accompanied with a palpable mass. Otherwise only serial clinical follow-up is recommended until spontaneous resolution

The renewable energy and energy efficiency potential of Waitakere City : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Technology in Energy Management at Massey University

Electricity restrictions and blackouts have occurred in Waitakere City in the past and are likely to occur again in the future unless the city can become more self reliant by meeting, at least in part, the increasing energy requirements for what is one of the fastest growing cities in New Zealand. In this study the potentials for energy conservation, energy efficiency and renewable energy resources have been broadly quantified and assessed using desktop analysis of publicly available data for stationary final use energy systems (i.e. excluding transportation) within the geographical area of Waitakere City and adjoining waters. It was found that energy efficiency and energy conservation measures can consistently and predictably achieve overall energy savings and reduce daily and seasonal peak demand. The best renewable energy resource potential exists with solar and geothermal for heating applications and wave, offshore and inshore wind and tidal currents for electricity generation. There is very limited potential for hydro and bioenergy systems beyond what already exists. PV solar and land based wind power generation are currently only feasible for limited off-grid applications. This scoping study confirms the achievability of the vision expressed in Waitakere City Council's "Long Term Council Community Plan" (LTCCP) that by 2020 " Waitakere City will be an energy cell, not an energy sink. Air quality supports good health". A range of flagship projects have been identified to progress the achievement of this vision. Waitakere City Council can use this report as part of the development of a comprehensive energy management plan

Mutations in the small GTP-ase late endosomal protein RAB7 cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2B neuropathy

Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2B (CMT2B) is clinically characterized by marked distal muscle weakness and wasting and a high frequency of foot ulcers, infections, and amputations of the toes because of recurrent infections. CMT2B maps to chromosome 3q13-q22. We refined the CMT2B locus to a 2.5-cM region and report two missense mutations (Leu129Phe and Val162Met) in the small GTP-ase late endosomal protein RAB7 which causes the CMT2B phenotype in three extended families and in three patients with a positive family history. The alignment of RAB7 orthologs shows that both missense mutations target highly conserved amino acid residues. RAB7 is ubiquitously expressed, and we found expression in sensory and motor neurons

Unilateral bloody nipple discharge in a two-month-old male

Bloody nipple discharge is a rare but distressing finding in neonates and infants. We report on a 2-month-old boy with unilateral bloody nipple discharge. Ultrasound examination revealed dilated mammary ducts. This benign phenomenon is most likely to be caused by mammary ductal ectasia. Invasive investigations or surgery should be avoided in neonates or infants with bloody nipple discharge unless the discharge is unilateral, spontaneous, persistent and accompanied with a palpable mass. Otherwise only serial clinical follow-up is recommended until spontaneous resolution