Mass Taxon-Sampling as a Strategy towards Illuminating the Natural History of Campanula (Campanuloideae)

Speciose clades usually harbor species with a broad spectrum of adaptive strategies and complex distribution patterns, and thus constitute ideal systems to disentangle biotic and abiotic causes underlying species diversification. The delimitation of such study systems to test evolutionary hypotheses is difficult because they often rely on artificial genus concepts as starting points. One of the most prominent examples is the bellflower genus Campanula with some 420 species, but up to 600 species when including all lineages to which Campanula is paraphyletic. We generated a large alignment of petD group II intron sequences to include more than 70% of described species as a reference. By comparison with partial data sets we could then assess the impact of selective taxon sampling strategies on phylogenetic reconstruction and subsequent evolutionary conclusions

Frugal Innovation in Scholarly and Social Discourse: An Assessment of Trends and Potential Societal Implications

The topic of frugal innovation is increasingly gaining relevance in social as well as scholarly discourse. Frugal innovations have been perceived by many to be a phenomenon generally confined to emerging economies where there are large groups of unserved consumers with unmet needs. But there is increasing evidence that this phenomenon is getting relevant also in the industrialized nations potentially affecting the long-term competitiveness of domestic firms not only overseas but also at home. This paper has a three-fold objective: (a) It seeks to establish the theoretical antecedents of frugal innovation by examining the scholarly discourse; (b) It attempts to generate hypotheses about its long-term relevance by examining historical trends of frugality and their disappearance; (c) It seeks to comprehend the social perception of frugal innovation in the specific German context by assessing the relevant social discourse. Based upon an extensive literature review and some preliminary primary data we propose a new working definition for frugal innovation and hypothesize that frugality was a key social value with positive associations before the era of unprecedented prosperity in the industrialized world, which led to saturated markets and inter alia to feature-driven competition and over-consumption of resources. New ground realities, e.g., economic downturn in the industrialized world and the rapidly rising consumption in the economically developing world, are expected to turn frugality, once again, into an important societal value and frugal innovation into a critical success factor in mid-term future.Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) (Förderprogramm: Innovations- und Technikanalyse

Overview of the sampling strategy.

<p>The circular cladogram represents the Maximum Parsimony strict consensus tree inferred from the mass sampling (MS, D680). Dotted lines (red) indicate accessions sampled for the classification-guided sampling (CS, D088). Asterisks refer to accessions sampled for the phylogeny-guided sampling (PS, D101). Blue dots indicate crown groups for the respective "Cam" clades containing at least one accession of <i>Campanula</i> (Cam01 to Cam17; see text). LOBE = Lobelioideae; CYPHI: Cyphioideae; CA-CYA: Campanuloideae-Cyanantheae; CA-WAH: Campanuloideae-Wahlenbergieae.</p

Maximum Parsimony Strict consensus tree of <i>Campanula</i> and relatives (D680).

<p>Part of the cladogram showing detailed relationships for clades Cam13 to Cam16. Values below branches indicate bootstrap support for the sustained clades. Gray boxes indicate the respective outgroup and sister clades; blue boxes refer to “Cam” clades containing at least one accession of <i>Campanula</i> (Cam01 to Cam17; see text). A blue dot indicates the crown node of <i>Campanula</i> s.lat. Pictures are representative specimens for clades Cam13 (<i>Campanula asperuloides</i>), Cam14 (<i>Campanula draboides</i>), Cam15 (<i>Azorina vidalii</i>), and Cam16 (<i>Campanula macrostyla</i>). All photos from Guilhem Mansion, except Cam13 (Georgia Kamari & Dimitrios Phitos) and Cam16 (Galip Akaydin).</p

Characteristics of the respective phylogenetic analyses for the three datasets (D088, D101, and D680).

<p>BS = bootstrap, JK = jackknife, pp = posterior probability.</p

Chronogram of <i>Campanula</i> and relatives (D680) inferred from the penalized-likelihood method implemented in r8s, and dated using one fossil constraint (yellow spiral).

<p>The yellow box refers to the time span between the stem and crown node of <i>Campanula</i> s.lat. Clades are represented by triangles proportional in size to the number of included accessions. Gray triangles indicate the respective outgroup and sister clades; blue triangles refer to “Cam” clades containing at least one accession of <i>Campanula</i> (Cam01 to Cam17; see text). White bars represent 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the respective node ages (blue: crow ages; white: stem ages). An asterisk indicates nodes for which CI could not be calculated. Ma = Mega Annuum or Million years; LOBE = Lobelioideae; CYPHI: Cyphioideae; CA-CYA: Campanuloideae-Cyanantheae; CA-WAH: Campanuloideae-Wahlenbergieae.</p

Maximum Parsimony Strict consensus tree of <i>Campanula</i> and relatives (D680).

<p>Part of the cladogram showing detailed relationships for clade Cam17. Values below branches indicate bootstrap support for the sustained clades. Pictures are representative specimens for clade 17 (clockwise from upper left: <i>Campanula latifolia</i>, <i>C. incurva</i>, <i>C. spicata</i>, and <i>C. barbata</i>). All photos from Guilhem Mansion.</p

Maximum Parsimony Strict consensus tree of <i>Campanula</i> and relatives (D680).

<p>Part of the cladogram showing detailed relationships for outgroup and sister lineages, and clades Cam01, <i>Jasione</i>-<i>Feeria</i>, and Cam02 to Cam04. Values below branches indicate bootstrap support for the sustained clades. Gray boxes indicate the respective outgroup and sister clades; blue boxes refer to “Cam” clades containing at least one accession of <i>Campanula</i> (Cam01 to Cam17; see text). A blue dot indicates the crown node of <i>Campanula</i> s.lat. Pictures are representative specimens for clades Cam01 (<i>Campanula primuliifolia</i>), Cam02 (<i>Campanula exigua</i>), Cam03 (<i>Campanula persicifolia</i>), and Cam04 (<i>Legousia falcata</i>). All photos from Guilhem Mansion.</p

Branch support and age estimates for selected outgroups, sister clades, and main <i>Campanula</i> clades (CAM01 to CAM17) discussed in this study.

<p>LOBE = Lobelioideae; CYPHI: Cyphioideae; CA-CYA: Campanuloideae-Cyanantheae; CA-WAH: Campanuloideae-Wahlenbergieae. MP_BS = Bootstrap values obtained under the Maximum Parsimony criterion; MP_JK = Jackknife values obtained under the Maximum Parsimony criterion; BI = posterior probability values obtained under Bayesian Inference; ML_BS = Bootstrap values obtained under the Maximum Likelihood criterion; S = Stem node; C = Crown node.</p