Forest ecosystem properties emerge from interactions of structure and disturbance

Forest structural diversity and its spatiotemporal variability are constrained by environmental and biological factors, including species pools, climate, land-use history, and legacies of disturbance regimes. These factors influence forest responses to disturbances and their interactions with structural diversity, potentially creating structurally mediated emergent properties at local to continental spatial scales and over evolutionary time. Here, we present a conceptual framework for exploring the emergent properties that arise from interactions between forest structural diversity and disturbances. We synthesize and present definitions for key terms, including emergent property, disturbance, and resilience, and highlight various types and examples of emergent properties, such as (1) interactions with species composition, (2) interactions with disturbance frequency and intensity, and (3) evolutionary changes to communities. Although emergent properties in forest ecosystems remain poorly understood, we describe a foundation for study and applied management of forest structural diversity to enhance forest restoration and resilience

A theoretical framework for the ecological role of three-dimensional structural diversity

The three-dimensional (3D) physical aspects of ecosystems are intrinsically linked to ecological processes. Here, we describe structural diversity as the volumetric capacity, physical arrangement, and identity/traits of biotic components in an ecosystem. Despite being recognized in earlier ecological studies, structural diversity has been largely overlooked due to an absence of not only a theoretical foundation but also effective measurement tools. We present a framework for conceptualizing structural diversity and suggest how to facilitate its broader incorporation into ecological theory and practice. We also discuss how the interplay of genetic and environmental factors underpin structural diversity, allowing for a potentially unique synthetic approach to explain ecosystem function. A practical approach is then proposed in which scientists can test the ecological role of structural diversity at biotic–environmental interfaces, along with examples of structural diversity research and future directions for integrating structural diversity into ecological theory and management across scales

Legacy of pre-disturbance spatial pattern determines early structural diversity following severe disturbance in mountain spruce forests in Czech Republic

Background Severe canopy-removing disturbances are native to many temperate forests and radically alter stand structure, but biotic legacies (surviving elements or patterns) can lend continuity to ecosystem function after such events. Poorly understood is the degree to which the structural complexity of an old-growth forest carries over to the next stand. We asked how predisturbance spatial pattern acts as a legacy to influence post-disturbance stand structure, and how this legacy influences the structural diversity within the early-seral stand. Methods Two stem-mapped one-hectare forest plots in the Czech Republic experienced a severe bark beetle outbreak, thus providing before-and-after data on spatial patterns in live and dead trees, crown projections, down logs, and herb cover. Results Post-disturbance stands were dominated by an advanced regeneration layer present before the disturbance. Both major species, Norway spruce (Picea abies) and rowan (Sorbus aucuparia), were strongly self-aggregated and also clustered to former canopy trees, predisturbance snags, stumps and logs, suggesting positive overstory to understory neighbourhood effects. Thus, although the disturbance dramatically reduced the stand’s height profile with ~100% mortality of the canopy layer, the spatial structure of post-disturbance stands still closely reflected the pre-disturbance structure. The former upper tree layer influenced advanced regeneration through microsite and light limitation. Under formerly dense canopies, regeneration density was high but relatively homogeneous in height; while in former small gaps with greater herb cover, regeneration density was lower but with greater heterogeneity in heights

Initial Public Offerings and the Firm Location

The firm geographic location matters in IPOs because investors have a strong preference for newly issued local stocks and provide abnormal demand in local offerings. Using equity holdings data for more than 53,000 households, we show the probability to participate to the stock market and the proportion of the equity wealth is abnormally increasing with the volume of the IPOs inside the investor region. Upon nearly the universe of the 167,515 going public and private domestic manufacturing firms, we provide consistent evidence that the isolated private firms have higher probability to go public, larger IPO underpricing cross-sectional average and volatility, and less pronounced long-run under-performance. Similar but opposite evidence holds for the local concentration of the investor wealth. These effects are economically relevant and robust to local delistings, IPO market timing, agglomeration economies, firm location endogeneity, self-selection bias, and information asymmetries, among others. Findings suggest IPO waves have a strong geographic component, highlight that underwriters significantly under-estimate the local demand component thus leaving unexpected money on the table, and support state-contingent but constant investor propensity for risk

Landscape ecosystems of northern lower Michigan and the occurrence and management of the Kirtland's

Master of ScienceForest EcologyUniversity of Michiganhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/114264/1/39015043175549.pd

Potential Impacts of Emerald Ash Borer Biocontrol on Ash Health and Recovery in Southern Michigan

Emerald ash borer (EAB) is an invasive beetle that kills native North American ash species, threatening their persistence. A classical biological control program for EAB was initiated in 2007 with the release of three specialized EAB parasitoids. Monitoring changes in the health and regeneration of ash where EAB biocontrol agents have been released is critical for assessing the success of EAB biocontrol and predicting future changes to the ash component of North American forests. We sampled release and control plots across southern Michigan over a three-year period to measure ash health and recruitment to begin assessing the long-term impact of EAB biological control on ash populations. We noted a reduced mortality of larger trees between 2012 and 2015 in release plots compared to control plots and increases in ash diameter, but our results were otherwise inconsistent. Ash regeneration was generally higher in release plots compared to control plots but highly variable among sites, suggesting some protection of ash saplings from EAB by parasitoids. We conclude that EAB biocontrol is likely to have a positive effect on ash populations, but that the study duration was not long enough to definitively deduce the long-term success of the biocontrol program in this region

Long-term aspen cover change in the western US

Quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) is one of the most important tree species in the western United States due to its role in biodiversity, tourism, and other ecological and aesthetic values. This paper provides an overview of the drivers of long-term aspen cover change in the western US and how these drivers operate on diverse spatial and temporal scales. There has been substantial concern that aspen has been declining in the western US, but trends of aspen persistence vary both geographically and temporally. One important goal for future research is to better understand long-term and broad-scale changes in aspen cover across its range. Inferences about aspen dynamics are contingent on the spatial and temporal scales of inquiry, thus differences in scope and design among studies partly explain variation among conclusions. For example, major aspen decline has been noted when the spatial scale of inquiry is relatively small and the temporal scale of inquiry is relatively short. Thus, it is important to consider the scale of research when addressing aspen dynamics.Successional replacement of aspen by conifer species is most pronounced in systems shaped by long fire intervals and can thus be seen as part of a normal, long-term fluctuation in forest composition. Aspen decline was initially reported primarily at the margins of aspen\u27s distribution, but may be becoming more ubiquitous due to the direct effects of climate (e.g. drought). In contrast, the indirect effects of recent climate (e.g. forest fires, bark beetle outbreaks, and compounded disturbances) appear to favor aspen and may facilitate expansion of this forest type. Thus, future aspen trends are likely to depend on the net result of the direct and indirect effects of altered climate. © 2013 Elsevier B.V

Forest Structure Altered by Mountain Pine Beetle Outbreaks Affects Subsequent Attack in a Wyoming Lodgepole Pine Forest, USA

Extensive outbreaks of the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) will alter the structure of many stands that will likely be attacked again before experiencing a stand-replacing fire. We examined a stand of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Watson) in Grand Teton National Park currently experiencing a moderate- level outbreak and previously attacked by mountain pine beetle in the 1960s. Consistent with published studies, tree diame- ter was the main predictor of beetle attack on a given tree, large trees were preferentially attacked, and tree vigor, age, and cone production were unimportant variables for beetle attack at epidemic levels. Small trees killed in the stand were killed based mainly on their proximity to large trees and were likely spatially aggregated with large trees as a result of the previous outbreak. We concluded that the driving factors of beetle attack and their spatial patterns are consistent across outbreak se- verities but that stand structure altered by the previous outbreak had implications for the current outbreaks in the same loca- tion. This study should catalyze additional research that examines how beetle-altered stand structure affects future outbreaks — an important priority for predicting their impacts under climate change scenarios that project increases in out- break frequency and extent

Long-term aspen cover change in the western US

Quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) is one of the most important tree species in the western United States due to its role in biodiversity, tourism, and other ecological and aesthetic values. This paper provides an overview of the drivers of long-term aspen cover change in the western US and how these drivers operate on diverse spatial and temporal scales. There has been substantial concern that aspen has been declining in the western US, but trends of aspen persistence vary both geographically and temporally. One important goal for future research is to better understand long-term and broad-scale changes in aspen cover across its range. Inferences about aspen dynamics are contingent on the spatial and temporal scales of inquiry, thus differences in scope and design among studies partly explain variation among conclusions. For example, major aspen decline has been noted when the spatial scale of inquiry is relatively small and the temporal scale of inquiry is relatively short. Thus, it is important to consider the scale of research when addressing aspen dynamics.Successional replacement of aspen by conifer species is most pronounced in systems shaped by long fire intervals and can thus be seen as part of a normal, long-term fluctuation in forest composition. Aspen decline was initially reported primarily at the margins of aspen\u27s distribution, but may be becoming more ubiquitous due to the direct effects of climate (e.g. drought). In contrast, the indirect effects of recent climate (e.g. forest fires, bark beetle outbreaks, and compounded disturbances) appear to favor aspen and may facilitate expansion of this forest type. Thus, future aspen trends are likely to depend on the net result of the direct and indirect effects of altered climate. © 2013 Elsevier B.V