Public Interest Litigation: An Innovative step towards Judicial Activism

Public Interest Litigation was a revolutionary innovation which attempt to ensure implementation of rescue programme, framed for the benefit of the needy. In India the Judicial Scenario changed during the 1980s when the apex court allowed anybody with sufficient public interest to approach the court and request to enforce any public right or welfare scheme. It also compelled the government and its authorities to perform their task and for this revolutionary action, Justice P.N. Bhagwati & Justice V.R. Krishna Iyer have played a play role in promoting the avenue of approaching the apex court of the country, seeking legal remedies in area where public interests tare at state. PIL is an Innovative step towards Judicial Activism, and also it is an inexpensive legal remedy for those people who are poor, weak, helpless but still there is no awareness or less awareness about judicial activism through PIL in the society. So by this research paper I want to spread awareness. My Aim behind this is to give information to every people whose fundamental rights, Human rights, religious rights etc. are affected. My Aim behind this is to think the people of the society that; The Doctrine of Locus Standi and The Doctrine of the Natural Justice is still alive

European space policy and the construction of a European collective identity

To what extent have European space institutions contributed to the construction of European collective identity? Using Martha Finnemore\u27s and Kathryn Sikkink\u27s model for the norm life cycle, this paper tracks the progress of the idea that European states ought to proceed as Europeans in space policy. Although the debate is far from complete, there is historical evidence to suggest that the idea is approaching a stage of norm acceptance among European space states. A constructivist analysis of European space history helps to understand the driving forces behind this process, and why one might suspect the idea of Europe is gaining ground. As European states have learned to behave as Europeans, there has been a positive effect on the construction of European collective identity

Polymerized Laminin-332 Matrix Supports Rapid and Tight Adhesion of Keratinocytes, Suppressing Cell Migration

Laminin-332 (α3ß3γ2) (Lm332) supports the stable anchoring of basal keratinocytes to the epidermal basement membrane, while it functions as a motility factor for wound healing and cancer invasion. To understand these contrasting activities of Lm332, we investigated Lm332 matrices deposited by normal human keratinocytes and other Lm332-expressing cell lines. All types of the cells efficiently deposited Lm332 on the culture plates in specific patterns. On the contrary, laminins containing laminin ß1 and/or γ1 chains, such as Lm511 and Lm311, were not deposited on the culture plates even if secreted into culture medium. The Lm332 deposition was not inhibited by function-blocking antibodies to the α3 and α6 integrins but was inhibited by sodium selenate, suggesting that sulfated glycosaminoglycans on cell surface, e.g. heparan sulfate proteoglycans, might be involved in the process. HEK293 cells overexpressing exogenous Lm332 (Lm332-HEK) almost exclusively deposited Lm332 on the plates. The deposited Lm332 matrix showed a mesh-like network structure as analyzed by electron microscopy, suggesting that Lm332 was highly polymerized. When biological activity was analyzed, the Lm332 matrix rather suppressed the migration of keratinocytes as compared with purified Lm332, which highly promoted the cell migration. The Lm332 matrix supported adhesion of keratinocytes much more strongly and stably than purified Lm332. Integrin α3ß1 bound to the Lm332 matrix at a three times higher level than purified Lm332. Normal keratinocytes prominently showed integrin α6ß4-containing, hemidesmosome-like structures on the Lm332 matrix but not on the purified one. These results indicate that the polymerized Lm332 matrix supports stable cell adhesion by interacting with both integrin α6ß4 and α3ß1, whereas unassembled soluble Lm332 supports cell migration

Conceptual Framework for Understanding Intangible Assets and Problems Concerning Information Disclosure (Japanese)

From the perspective of the relationship between knowledge and risk in value creation, in this paper we aim: 1) to sort out a basic framework for discussions on the development of methods to identify and valuate intangible assets in corporations and to discuss information disclosure policies; 2) to understand the processes by which companies create value using such intangible assets; and 3) with on this understanding, to give some ideas concerning desirable forms of information disclosure. In other words, the paper seeks: 1) to develop a means of understanding the relationship between uncertainties concerning corporate value-creation capabilities (risks and opportunities) and intangible assets; 2) to develop a conceptual framework for measuring and valuating intangible assets; and 3) to discuss policies for information disclosure on intangible assets held by companies. The keywords are "knowledge" and "risk," respectively, as value-creating and value-destroying factors, which interact and promote evolution in the environment of corporations. Corporate value, as referred to here, means the net present value (NPV) of future benefit cash flows, in a narrow sense, and the NPV of total future values for stakeholders in a broad sense. An asset is defined as anything that contributes to or is recognized as contributing to value-creation. Risk is defined as any contingency that may affect a company's ability to achieve its goals, or cause changes to value flows or income cash flows in the future. Value is here viewed as a random variable subject to the uncertainty of future events and variations, whereas risk is measured as the magnitude of possible downside movements of value thus defined. Therefore, it should be noted that both value and risk are not only an ex-ante concept in forward-looking perspectives, but also they are the "two sides of the same coin"(random variables) so long as the value-creation usually referred to is an addition to the mean of the distribution of the random variable. The approach taken in the European Union document "Study on the Measurement of Intangible Assets and Associated Reporting Practices," which illustrates a series of new approaches to the measurement and reporting of intangibles, is characterized as a knowledge- and resources-oriented approach. In contrast, this research project generally aims to develop arguments based on a risk- and process-oriented approach. This paper, the first of the three parts of the project, discusses the basic foundation of these arguments.

Propylthiouracil, a selective inhibitor of NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase

AbstractPropylthiouracil inhibited the activity of NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase of rat liver microsomes using potassium ferricyanide as electron acceptor. On the other hand, NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase activity was not affected by the compound. NADH-supported reduction of cytochrome b5 was also inhibited by Propylthiouracil in the reconstituted system consisting of cytochrome b5 and partially purified NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase

A locally most powerful invariant test for the equality of means associated with covariate discriminant analysis

AbstractIn this paper, the authors propose a locally most powerful invariant test for the equality of means in the presence of covariate variables. Also the null and nonnull distributions associated with the above test are developed. This problem arises in covariate discriminant analysis and has been treated by various authors, notably Cochran and Bliss 1948, Ann. Math. Statist.19, 151–176 and Rao 1949, Sankhyã9 343–366; 1966. The test derived here locally dominates in power the tests proposed so far. It is also shown that the Cochran-Bliss test is uniformly most powerful in the class of conditional invariant tests