Artificial Intelligence (AI) – based strategies for point cloud data and digital twins

Artificial Intelligence (AI), specifically machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), is causing a paradigm shift in coding practices and software solutions across diverse fields. This study focuses on harnessing the potential of ML/DL strategies in the geospatial domain, where geodata possesses characteristics that align with the concept of a “lingual manuscript” in aesthetic theory. By employing ML/DL techniques, such as feature evaluation and extraction from 3D point clouds, we can derive concepts that are specific to software, geographical areas, and tasks. ML/DL-based interpretation of 3D point clouds extends geospatial modelling beyond implicit representations, enabling the resolution of complex heuristic-based reconstructions and abstract concepts. These advancements in artificial intelligence have the potential to optimize and expedite geodata computation and geographic information systems. However, ML/DL encounters notable challenges in this domain, including the need for abundant training data, advanced statistical methods, and the development of effective feature representations. Overcoming these challenges is essential to enhance the performance and efficacy of ML/DL systems. Additionally, ML/DL-based solutions can simplify software engineering processes by replacing certain aspects of current adoption and implementation practices, resulting in reduced complexities in development and management. Through the adoption of ML/DL, many of the existing explicitly coded GIS implementations may gradually be replaced in the long term. Overall, this research illustrates the transformative capabilities of ML/DL in geospatial applications and underscores the significance of addressing associated challenges to drive further advancements in the field

Electronic supplement for Flannery Sutherland et al. (2023). Dinosaur Trackways from the Upper Cretaceous Technikum Formation near Mayluu Suu City, Southern Tien Shan Mountains, Southwestern Kyrgyzstan

Electronic supplement for Flannery Sutherland et al. (2023). Dinosaur Trackways from the Upper Cretaceous Technikum Formation near Mayluu Suu City, Southern Tien Shan Mountains, Southwestern Kyrgyzstan Folders R1 and R2 respectively contain the raw photo data, processed photogrammetry models, and topographic false-colour and photo-textured renders of each mode