Explainable Automated Debugging via Large Language Model-driven Scientific Debugging

Automated debugging techniques have the potential to reduce developer effort in debugging, and have matured enough to be adopted by industry. However, one critical issue with existing techniques is that, while developers want rationales for the provided automatic debugging results, existing techniques are ill-suited to provide them, as their deduction process differs significantly from that of human developers. Inspired by the way developers interact with code when debugging, we propose Automated Scientific Debugging (AutoSD), a technique that given buggy code and a bug-revealing test, prompts large language models to automatically generate hypotheses, uses debuggers to actively interact with buggy code, and thus automatically reach conclusions prior to patch generation. By aligning the reasoning of automated debugging more closely with that of human developers, we aim to produce intelligible explanations of how a specific patch has been generated, with the hope that the explanation will lead to more efficient and accurate developer decisions. Our empirical analysis on three program repair benchmarks shows that AutoSD performs competitively with other program repair baselines, and that it can indicate when it is confident in its results. Furthermore, we perform a human study with 20 participants, including six professional developers, to evaluate the utility of explanations from AutoSD. Participants with access to explanations could judge patch correctness in roughly the same time as those without, but their accuracy improved for five out of six real-world bugs studied: 70% of participants answered that they wanted explanations when using repair tools, while 55% answered that they were satisfied with the Scientific Debugging presentation

WW-representations of two-matrix models with infinite set of variables

The Hermitian, complex and fermionic two-matrix models with infinite set of variables are constructed. We show that these two-matrix models can be realized by the $W$-representations. In terms of the $W$-representations, we derive the compact expressions of correlators for these two-matrix models.Comment: 12 page

Rainbow tensor model with two tensors of rank three

We give the keystone operators and construct a graded ring with tree and loop operators. In terms of the keystones operators, connected tree and loop operators in the ring, we construct the rainbow tensor model with two tensors of rank-3 and present its $W$-representation. Moreover we derive the compact expressions of correlators from the $W$-representation and analyze the free energy in large $N$ limit. In addition, we establish the correspondence between two colored Dyck walks in the Fredkin spin chain and tree operators in the ring. Based on the classification Dyck walks, we give the number of tree operators with the given level. Furthermore, for the entanglement entropy of the Fredkin spin chain, we show the entanglement scaling beyond logarithmic scaling in the ordinary critical systems from the viewpoint of tensor model.Comment: 27 pages, 15 figures, 1 tabl

4-(3-Carb­oxy­phen­yl)pyridinium nitrate

In the title salt, C12H10NO2 +·NO3 −, the dihedral angle between the pyridine ring and the benzene ring of the 4-(3-carb­oxy­phen­yl)pyridinium cation is 30.14 (2)°. Inversion-related pairs of cations are linked into dimers by pairs of O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Pairs of dimers are linked by N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving nitrate anions as acceptors, generating supra­molecular chains along the diagonal of the bc plane

Integrated Serum and Fecal Metabolomics Study of Collagen-Induced Arthritis Rats and the Therapeutic Effects of the Zushima Tablet

The Zushima tablet (ZT) has been used for decades in the clinical treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in China. However, its therapeutic mechanism is unclear. In this study, we aimed to explore the distinctive metabolic patterns in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats and evaluate the therapeutic effects of ZT on RA using untargeted serum and fecal metabolomics approaches based on gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Body weight, hind paw swelling, TNF-α and IL-1β levels, arthritis scores, and histopathological parameters were assessed. In the metabolomics study, 31 altered metabolites in the serum and 30 in the feces were identified by comparing the model with the control group using statistical processing. These altered metabolites revealed that the tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and purine metabolism were disturbed in CIA rats, and most of these altered metabolites including l-isoleucine, l-aspartic acid, pyruvic acid, cholic acid, and hypoxanthine, were rectified by ZT. Furthermore, short-chain fatty acids in feces were quantitatively determined, and the results showed that ZT could regulate the levels of propionate, butyrate, and valerate in CIA rats. Then, gut microbiota were analyzed by 16S rRNA analysis. Our results showed that Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the most abundant bacteria in rats. The levels of 19 types of bacteria at the family level were altered in RA rats, and most of them could be regulated by ZT. This study demonstrated that metabolomics analysis is a powerful tool for providing novel insight into RA and for elucidating the potential mechanism of ZT

Urban and rural Differences in the Prevalence of Gender and Age specific Obesity and related Health Behaviors in Korea

The objective of this study was to discuss the residential difference in gender and age specific prevalence of obesity by body mass index (BMI) and obesity related health behaviors in the Republic of Korea. A total of nationally representative 2,583 men and 3,087 women (age: 20-64 yr) was used as subjects from 1998 National Health and Nutrition Survey. All statistics were calculated using SUDAAN to consider a stratified multistage probability sampling design. The prevalence of obesity (BMI≥25) was significantly different by age, gender and residential areas. Although younger men aged 20-49 yr did not show a residential difference in the prevalence of obesity, men aged 50-64 yr showed differences, highest in big cities and lowest in rural areas. However, in women, a higher prevalence was observed in rural areas compared to urban areas in the younger age group (20-49 yr), but not in the older age group. Residential differences of obesity related health behaviors existed mostly in the older population, but not in the younger population. The urban-rural differences demonstrate the various stages of behavioral transition that Korea is currently undergoing. Therefore, different strategies considering those factors are needed to manage obesity problems in Korea

Association of Micronutrients and Prevalence of Antibodies in Hyperthyroidism

Thyroid hormones play a pivotal role in the overall physiological and developmental function of the human body. Alterations in thyroid hormones drastically affect regular metabolic processes as well as physical well-being. Thyroid alterations directly influence the functioning of all major body systems including cardiovascular, neurological, gastrointestinal, etc. The thyroid hormonal imbalance is primarily classified into two major conditions: hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. The present chapter details the pathology of thyroid imbalance in the context of human reproductive health, autoimmunity, and micronutrient imbalance. Some novel micronutrient associations independent of iodine deficiencies are discussed. Additionally, the early predictive capability of the anti-TPO antibody as well as other autoimmune correlations are discussed. Given its role in reproductive health, the associations of various sex hormones with thyroid function were also explored