An Exploratory Spatial Analysis of the Churches in the Southern Mani Peninsula, Greece

The Mani Peninsula is home to hundreds of Orthodox Christian churches that were built within the last millennium. As in other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean countryside, the topological relationship between churches and settlements is a critical factor in understanding the significance of the sacred landscape. Many churches are situated in the central part of a village or on its very edge, but others – what are referred to as “outlying churches” or exokklisia – are built at great distances away. In this paper, we make the first attempt to assess the spatial relationship between the spaces where people worshipped (the churches) and the spaces where they lived (the settlements) at a regional scale, focused specifically on the Middle Byzantine period and later (mid-9th century CE to the present day). Comparing these patterns across the Byzantine, Ottoman, and Modern periods allows us to frame Mani’s sacred infrastructure within a changing, diachronic perspective. The results point to a change in the topological relationship between church and settlement that is best described as the “nucleation of the sacred landscape.

Complexity and Biases

We examine experimentally how complexity affects decision-making, when individuals choose among different products with varying benefits and costs. We find that complexity in costs leads to choosing a high-benefit product, with high costs and overall lower payoffs. In contrast, when complexity is in the benefits of the product, we cannot reject the hypothesis of random mistakes. We also examine the role of heterogeneous complexity. We find that individuals still (mistakenly) choose the high-benefit but costly product, even if cheaper and simple products are available. Our results suggest that salience is a main driver of choices under different forms of complexity

Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliği Açısından Bir Çizgi Film Çözümlemesi: PEPEE

Mass media play an important role in the formation and continuation of the concept of gender equality within society. The purpose of this research is to analyze and evaluate the cartoon series called “Pepee” according to the concept of gender equality. Presentation of gender roles through various educational tools in society is important in terms of the construction and formation of children's perspective about gender.This is a descriptive study utilizing a qualitative research design. The study sample which was analyzed was composed of 45 episodes of the Pepee cartoon series. Research data were analyzed both using the methods of content analyses and semiotics. It was revealed that both the female and male characters of this cartoon limited by gender roles in terms of stereotypes which are related to gender equality, actions, colors and the types of clothing and also it was revealed that it includes messages which mat reproduce sexist viewpoints. Based on the analyses, considering the findings in a holistic sense, it was observed that, the Pepee cartoons did contain messages of gender inequality.Analyses showed that even though many of the activities illustrated in the cartoon can be performed by both males or females, there were many activities, such as watering flowers, setting the table, and taking care of the baby, which were solely attributed to the female characters, while activities such as, driving a car, and riding a bicycle or a balloon were attributed to the male characters. Messages of gender inequality were identified in all episodes regarding such aspects as clothing colors, clothing types, emotional situations and the games played by the characters.All cartoons designed for educational purposes should involve episodic content and program scenarios to be in line with the principals of human rights and equality. All parts of the components of the societal system such as these cartoons have the responsibility in the society to prevent gender discrimination, as well as to promote gender equality awareness.Kitle iletişim araçlarının, toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği anlayışının, toplumda oluşmasında ve yerleşmesinde önemli rolleri bulunmaktadır. Bu araştırmanın amacı, Pepee adlı çizgi filmi toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği açısından çözümlemek ve değerlendirmektir. Çünkü toplumsal cinsiyet rollerinin çeşitli araçlar yoluyla sunumu, çocukların toplumsal cinsiyet konusundaki düşüncelerinin oluşmasında ve şekillenmesinde önemlidir.Araştırmanın modeli betimseldir ve nitel araştırma özelliği taşımaktadır. Araştırmanın çalışma evreni, Pepee çizgi filminin 45 bölümüdür. Veriler, içerik analizi ve göstergebilim ile analiz edilmiştir.Çizgi filmin hem kadın hem erkek karekterleri, toplumsal cinsiyete ilişkin kalıp yargılara uygun rol, eylemler, giysi rengi ve giysi türü içinde sınırladığı ve cinsiyetçi bakış açısını yeniden üretebilecek mesajların olduğu belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular bütünsel anlamda değerlendirildiğinde çizgi filmin toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliği oluşturan mesajlar içerdiği saptanmıştır.Çizgi filmde gösterilen etkinliklerin tamamı hem kadınlar,hem erkekler tarafından yapılabilecek işler olmasına karşın, çiçek sulama, sofra hazırlama, bebekle ilgilenme gibi işler, kadın karakterlere; otomobil, bisiklet ve balon kullanma gibi beceriler ise erkek karakterlere atfedilmiştir. Çizgi filmin izlenen tüm bölümlerinde, giysi renklerinden, giysi türlerine, duygusal durumlardan, oynanan oyunlara kadar toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliği oluşturabilecek mesajlar saptanmıştır.Eğitici amaçlı tüm çizgi filmler, senaryolarını ve içeriğindeki mesajlarını, insan hakları ve eşitlik temelinde kurgulamak zorundadır. Çünkü toplumda da kadın-erkek ayrımcılığını engellemek ve cinsiyet eşitliğini sağlama ve duyarlı olma konusunda sistemin her bir parçasının sorumluluğu bulunmaktadır

Türkiye'deki petroleuciscus (teleostei: leuciscidae) türlerinin moleküler filogenisi ve tarihsel biyocoğrafyası

Palaearctic leuciscid genus Petroleuciscus is a poorly known genus and molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography is not known well. In this study, phylogenetic relationships of Petroleuciscus species in Turkey were investigated by analyzing mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) gene sequences (1140 bp). For this purpose, cyt b gene of 84 samples from 13 populations of the species were sequenced. Twenty-one haplotypes were identified and overall average haplotype diversity (Hd) was calculated as 0.921±0.011. The result of phylogenetic analysis of Petroleuciscus species shows the presence of two clades and four haplogroups. First clade includes Petroleuciscus smyrneaus and P. ninae from the Western Anatolia. Second clade indicated that P. borysthenicus consists of the Black Sea and the Marmara Sea drainages and northern part of the Aegean Sea drainages. Haplotype network analysis, phylogenetic and phylogeographic inference show that Petroleuciscus genus was monophyletic in Turkey, and its species scattered in the Miocene era.Palaearktik leuciscid cinsi Petroleuciscus, az bilinen bir cins olup moleküler filogenisi ve tarihi biyocoğrafyası iyi bilinmemektedir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'deki Petroleuciscus türlerinin filogenetik ilişkileri mitokondriyal sitokrom b (cyt b) (1140 bp) geni kullanılarak araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla, 13 populasyondan 84 örneğin cyt b geni dizilenmiştir. Genetik analizler sonucunda 21 haplotip tanımlanmış ve haplotip çeşitliliği Hd: 0,921±0,011 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Petroleuciscus türlerinin filogenetik analizinin sonucunda ise, iki klad ve dört haplogrup varlığı ortaya çıkmaktadır. Birinci klad, Batı Anadolu'dan Petroleuciscus smyrneaus ve P. ninae' den oluşmaktadır. İkinci klad ise, P. borysthenicus'un Karadeniz ve Marmara Denizi havzasından ve Ege Denizi'nin kuzey sularından oluştuğunu ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Haplotip ağ analizi, filogenetik ve filocoğrafik çıkarım, Türkiye'deki Petroleuciscus cinsinin monofiletik olduğunu ve türlerinin Miyosen çağında dağıldığını göstermektedi

Türkiye’de Sosyal Hizmet Eğitiminin Tarihi

Since the early years of the 20th century, following the educational studies carried out by Charity Organization in England and New York Philanthropy School in the USA, social work education has been introduced and this kind of education has spread to many other countries in the world. One of those countries including social work education is Turkey. For more than 50 years, thanks to the education act in Turkey, there have been many social workers and conductors. By cooperating with various disciplines and under the leadership of the United Nations, the first school of social work education “Social Services Academy” was launched in 1961 in Turkey. Offering 4-year occupational education following high school, Social Services Academy has been the foundation of social work education, especially Hacettepe University Department of Social Work and contributed to the foundation of other schools in Turkey. This study aims to discuss historical development of social work education in Turke

The effect of birth season on diurnal variation of blood pressure in hypertensive patients

Background. Birth season has been found to be related to cardiovascular disorders, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between birth season and diurnal variation in blood pressure (BP) parameters in hypertensive patients. Material and methods. We enrolled 194 patients. The date of birth was recorded with the season of birth determined as winter (December-February), spring (March-May), summer (June-August) or autumn (September-November). All patients underwent 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) for evaluation of dipper or non-dipper status. We searched for the relationship between birth season and non-dipper status and other ABPM parameters. Results. 93 patients were classified into the dipper hypertensive group and 101 patients were in the non-dipper hypertensive group. We did not find any association between non-dipper status and birth season in hypertensive patients (p = 0.517). However, we found a significant relationship between diurnal variation in BP and birth season. This difference was observed between winter and spring season. We found a significant relationship between birth season and 24-hour diastolic BP, awake diastolic BP, sleep diastolic BP and sleep mean BP (p = 0.035, p = 0.037, p = 0.036, p = 0.032, respectively). These ABPM parameters were lower in patients born in winter than in those born in spring. Conclusion. Birth season was found to be related to diurnal variation in blood pressure in hypertensive patients. Hypertensive individuals born in winter had lower blood pressure than those born in spring

Ortalama-varyans portföy optimizasyonunda genetik algoritma uygulamaları üzerine bir literatür araştırması

Mean-variance portfolio optimization model, introduced by Markowitz, provides a fundamental answer to the problem of portfolio management. This model seeks an efficient frontier with the best trade-offs between two conflicting objectives of maximizing return and minimizing risk. The problem of determining an efficient frontier is known to be NP-hard. Due to the complexity of the problem, genetic algorithms have been widely employed by a growing number of researchers to solve this problem. In this study, a literature review of genetic algorithms implementations on mean-variance portfolio optimization is examined from the recent published literature. Main specifications of the problems studied and the specifications of suggested genetic algorithms have been summarized