Current roles of artificial intelligence in ophthalmology

Artificial intelligence (AI) studies are increasingly reporting successful results in the diagnosis and prognosis prediction of ophthalmological diseases as well as systemic disorders. The goal of this review is to detail how AI can be utilized in making diagnostic predictions to enhance the clinical setting. It is crucial to keep improving methods that emphasize clarity in AI models. This makes it possible to evaluate the information obtained from ocular imaging and easily incorporate it into therapeutic decision-making procedures. This will contribute to the wider acceptance and adoption of AI-based ocular imaging in healthcare settings combining advanced machine learning and deep learning techniques with new developments. Multiple studies were reviewed and evaluated, including AI-based algorithms, retinal images, fundus and optic nerve head (ONH) photographs, and extensive expert reviews. In these studies, carried out in various countries and laboratories of the world, it is seen those complex diagnoses, which can be detected systemic diseases from ophthalmological images, can be made much faster and with higher predictability, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity, in addition to ophthalmological diseases, by comparing large numbers of images and teaching them to the computer. It is now clear that it can be taken advantage of AI to achieve diagnostic certainty. Collaboration between the fields of medicine and engineering foresees promising advances in improving the predictive accuracy and precision of future medical diagnoses achieved by training machines with this information. However, it is important to keep in mind that each new development requires new additions or updates to various social, psychological, ethical, and legal regulations

Horner Syndrome Following Venous Catheterization for Chemotheraphy

Percutaneous venous catheterization is a major way for repetitive parenteral chemotherapeutic drug administration in cancer patients. Complication of catheterization include those associated with catheter insertion (pneumothorax, arterial and nerve injuries) and those associated with long-term catheter use (thrombosis and infection). Horner's syndrome as an unusual complication of central catheterization is the result of an interruption of the ipsilateral sympathetic nerve supply at any site along its course from the hypothalamus to the eye. To prevent complications of central catheterization, ultrasound guidance has been suggested for high-risk cases. Clinicians should take care to distinguish the unusual complication that results from central venous catheterization for intravascular administration in cancer patients

Serous macular detachment in acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy Akut Posterior Multifokal Plakoid Pigment Epitelyopati'de Seröz Maküla Dekolmaní

A 49-year-old male patient visited our clinic with a complaint of decreased vision in his left eye, which started a week ago. Fundus examination of his left eye revealed that there were multifocal, flat, grey-white placoid lesions. There were only few lesions around the vessel arc of the right eye. After a month, it was detected through fundus examination of the patient's right eye that there is an increase in the optic disc edema, serous macular detachment and white lesions. Two months after the appearance of the first lesion, vision of his both eyes was perfect. Some atrophic hyperpigmented lesions were consistent on the left eye. The serous macular detachment in the right eye disappeared after three months, however, optic disc edema decreasingly continued for 6 months

Outcomes of Surgery in Long-Standing Infantile Esotropia With Cross Fixation

Background: This is a retrospective study to determine the outcomes of the surgical correction in long-standing infantile esotropia with cross fixation

Long-Term Results of Surgery for Intermittent Exotropia

Objective: To evaluate the long-term surgical outcomes in a population with intermittent exotropia X(T) who were operated by the same surgeon. Material and Methods: The medical records from January 1991 to December 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were examined on postoperative day 1, in week 1 and week 6, at 6 months and 1 year, and then every year. Twenty four of 43 patients underwent bilateral lateral rectus recession and 19 patients underwent unilateral recession-resection for X(T). Results: Forty-three patients underwent surgery at a mean age of 11.2 +/- 4.6 years (range, 6 to 25 years). Eleven of the 43 children (25.6%) underwent a second surgical intervention (9 for recurrent exotropia and 2 for consecutive esotropia), and no patient received more than 2 interventions. Four patients were lost to follow-up after 2 years. Mean follow-up time was 9 +/- 5.2 years for 39 patients. Consecutive esotropia (ET) developed in 9(21%) patients with immediate overcorrection of at least 20 prism diopters (PD). Only two cases of consecutive ET required second surgery. Postoperative esodeviation developed in almost all cases and it showed a tendency to progress to exodeviation with longer follow-up time. Nine cases required surgery for residual or recurrent exotropia. Finally, 28 of the 39 (71.8%) were within 10 PD of orthotropia at distance and 18 of 39 (46.2%) had a stereopsis better than 60 seconds of arc. Conclusion: In this population with intermittent exotropia, although 11 cases underwent a second surgical intervention, after a mean follow-up of 9.8 years, approximately 3 out of 4 cases were successfully aligned and 46.2% had high-grade stereopsis

Endothelial cell loss: Biaxial small-incision torsional phacoemulsification versus biaxial small-incision longitudinal phacoemulsification

PURPOSE: To compare clinical results of biaxial small-incision torsional phacoemulsification and biaxial small-incision longitudinal phacoemulsification

MACULAR THICKNESS CHANGES AFTER PHACOEMULSIFICATION IN PREVIOUSLY VITRECTOMIZED EYES FOR DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA

Purpose: To report visual results and anatomical outcome after uncomplicated phacoemulsification in eyes that previously underwent pars plana vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema

23-GAUGE TRANSCONJUNCTIVAL SUTURELESS VITRECTOMY FOR RETAINED LENS FRAGMENTS AFTER COMPLICATED CATARACT SURGERY

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of 23-gauge (23-G) transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy in patients with retained lens fragments after complicated cataract surgery

Tear Osmolarity and Ocular Surface Changes in Patient with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Purpose: To evaluate the tear osmolarity and ocular surface changes in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

Intravitreal tigecycline treatment in experimental Acinetobacter baumannii endophthalmitis

Purpose: To investigate the clinical and microbiological effectivity of intravitreal tigecycline in an experimental rabbit endophthalmitis model caused by imipenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Materials and Methods: Forty-eight eyes of 24 New Zealand white albino rabbits were divided into six groups (n=8 in each). The right eyes were divided into three groups and defined as infected group; left eyes were divided into three groups and defined as uninfected group. Infected group received 0.1 ml intravitreal A. baumannii suspension. Twenty-four hours after bacterial inoculation, group 1 received 1 mg/0.1 ml tigecycline and group 2 received 0.5 mg/0.1 ml tigecycline. Group 3 eyes received no treatment. In group 4, 0.1 ml of saline solution was injected. Groups 5 and 6 were received intravitreal tigecycline injection of 1 mg/0.1 ml and 0.5 mg/0.1 ml respectively. The eyes were enucleated for histopathological evaluation on the sixth day. Clinical and histological scoring systems were used to evaluate clinical and histological severity of the intraocular infection. Results: The mean clinical scores of the six groups at the sixth day were 11 +/- 1.92, 12.4 +/- 6.2, 8.5 +/- 2.7, 0, 3 +/- 1.3, and 3 +/- 1.4 respectively. Mean histopathological scores were 7.8 +/- 2.8, 7.0 +/- 1.5, 5.6 +/- 1.4, 0, 0, and 0 respectively. There was no significant difference in mean clinical and histopathological scores of infected group ( groups 1, 2 and 3). There was significant difference in mean clinical scores of groups 5 and 6 compared with group 4. Groups 4, 5 and 6 showed normal histological structure in histopathological evaluation and showed no significant difference. Microbiological cure was achieved in all infected eyes. Conclusions: Experimental rabbit endophthalmitis model caused by imipenem resistant A. baumannii was microbiologically cured by intravitreal tigecycline injection. However, a hypersensitivity-like reaction due to intravitreal application of tigecycline limits the use of this antimicrobial agent in A. baumannii endophthalmitis.Namik Kemal University (NKUBAP)Namik Kemal UniversityThe authors are grateful to Lenie Dijkshoorn (Department of Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Centre) for Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis of A. baumannii. This study was supported by Scientific Research Projects Fund of Namik Kemal University (NKUBAP)