Effect of High Intensity Ultrasound on the Crystallization Behavior of Interesterified Fats

The process of partial hydrogenation produces trans fats and the fats that undergo this process are called partially hydrogenated fats (PHF). Clinical studies have shown a strong association between PHF and coronary heart diseases. In 2015 The U.S. Food and Drug Administration removed the Generally recognized as safe or GRAS status of PHF. These fats were used in confectionary, margarines, shortenings, doughnuts, cookies, cakes, etc. The PHF serve a function in food by providing a higher shelf life and a desired harder structure due to their higher melting point. Hence, the food industry is currently looking for PHF alternatives which serve the function but have no harmful health effects. One of the alternatives to replace PHF is to use interesterified fats that have a low level of saturation that makes them healthier. However, these new fats are too soft with restricted use in many food applications. In this study, we explored the use of high intensity ultrasound (HIU) to improve the functional properties of interesterified fats and make them harder. Our study showed that HIU formed small crystals in these fats and increased their viscosity. The results from this study on the flavor release from the interesterified fats showed that the physical structure and hence the amount of solid fat in the sample affected its flavor perception. The solid fats had higher flavor perception than the liquid fat samples. The goal of this study is to improve the functionality of the interesterified fats using HIU and understand the flavor release from these fats to make substitution in food products easier

Sonocrystallization of interesterified fats with 20 and 30% of stearic acid at the sn-2 position and their physical blends

Physical blends (PB) of high oleic sunflower oil and tristearin with 20 and 30% stearic acid and their interesterified (IE) products where 20 and 30% of the fatty acids are stearic acid at the sn-2 position crystallized without and with application of high intensity ultrasound (HIU). IE samples were crystallized at supercooling temperatures (ΔT) of 12, 9, 6, and 3 °C while PB were crystallized at ΔT = 12 °C. HIU induced crystallization in PB samples, but not in the IE ones. Induction in crystallization with HIU was also observed at ΔT = 6 and 3 °C for IE C18:0 20 and 30% and at ΔT = 9 °C only for the 30% samples. Smaller crystals were obtained in all sonicated samples. Melting profiles showed that HIU induced crystallization of low melting triacylglycerols (TAGs) and promoted co-crystallization of low and high melting TAGs. In general, HIU significantly changed the viscosity, G′, and G″ of the IE 20% samples except at ΔT = 12 °C. While G′ and G″ of IE 30% did not increase significantly, the viscosity increased significantly at ΔT = 9, 6, and 3 °C from 1526 ± 880 to 6818 ± 901 Pa.s at ΔT = 3 °C. The improved physical properties of the sonicated IE can make them good contenders for trans-fatty acids replacers

Innovative superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles coated with silica and conjugated with linoleic acid: Effect on tumor cell growth and viability

One of the goals for the development of more effective cancer therapies with reduced toxic side effects is the optimization of innovative treatments to selectively kill tumor cells. The use of nanovectors loaded with targeted therapeutic payloads is one of the most investigated strategies. In this paper superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) coated by a silica shell or uncoated, were functionalized with single-layer and bi-layer conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Silica was used to protect the magnetic core from oxidation, improve the stability of SPIONs and tailor their surface reactivity. CLA was used as novel grafting biomolecule for its anti-tumor activity and to improve particle dispersibility. Mouse breast cancer 4T1 cells were treated with these different SPIONs. SPIONs functionalized with the highest quantity of CLA and coated with silica shell were the most dispersed. Cell viability was reduced by SPIONs functionalized with CLA in comparison with cells which were untreated or treated with SPIONs without CLA. As regards the types of SPIONs functionalized with CLA, the lowest viability was observed in cells treated with uncoated SPIONs with the highest quantity of CLA. In conclusion, the silica shell free SPIONs functionalized with the highest amount of CLA can be suggested as therapeutic carriers because they have the best dispersion and ability to decrease 4T1 cell viability

Effect of High Intensity Ultrasound (HIU) on the Crystallization Behavior of Interesterified and Physical Blends of High Oleic Sunflower Oil (HOSO) and Tripalmitin with 30% Palmitic acid

Physical (PB) and interesterified (IB) blends of high oleic sunflower oil and tripalmitin with 30% C16:0 were crystallized with and without the application of high intensity ultrasound (HIU) at supercooling values of 3, 6, and 9 °C. The HIU was applied at setting 9 for 5s. The melting points of IB and PB were 28.0 ± 0.3 °C and 55.7 ± 0.7 °C, respectively. The viscoelasticity, solid fat content (SFC), melting behavior, and crystal morphology were measured after 60 min of crystallization. The viscosity of IB was higher than that of PB and application of HIU significantly increased the viscosity of the IB samples. The application HIU also increased the G\u27 and G\u27\u27 of the IB samples. The SFC of the PB sample at 60 minutes after crystallization was higher than that of IB samples at all supercoolings. SFC data shows that the application of HIU to the IB samples increased the rate of crystallization, however it did not increase SFC values after 60 min of crystallization. At the same supercooling, the enthalpy of melting was higher for PB than for IB samples crystallized with and without HIU. The enthalpy of melting at 3 °C supercooling was 30.10 J/g for the PB sample while it was 4.61 and 6.23 J/g for the IB sample without and with HIU, respectively. Application of HIU increased the melting enthalpy of the IB samples at supercooling of 3 °C and 9 °C while it was higher for the IB sample without HIU at supercooling of 6 °C. PLM data shows that at HIU induced the formation of crystals in the IB. The crystals were smaller and more uniform in the IB HIU sample than the one treated without HIU. The PB PLM data showed larger crystals in the sample