Classification of Peer Conflict in Elementary School and Efficacy of Mediation as Resolution Strategy

子どものいざこざは一般的には起こらないほうがよいと考えられている。他方で，子どもの社会性の発達を促すポジティブな面も指摘されている。本研究では小学校におけるいざこざの実態を調べ，有効な教師の介入解決方略を明らかにすることを目的とした。研究1では，教育実習を終えた大学生126名に質問紙調査を実施し，いざこざの内容を分類した結果，7種が見出された。研究2では，小学校の学級担任93名に，7種のいざこざ場面のシナリオを提示し，どのような介入解決方略をとるか尋ねた結果，ミディエーション（双方の子どもから話を聴き，子どもから解決策を引き出す方略）が，7つのうち5つの場面で最も多くとられていた。研究3では，経験豊富な管理職39名に，より解決が難しい3場面での介入解決方略について尋ねたところ，全ての場面でミディエーションが最も多かった。以上の結果から，小学校における教師のミディエーションの有効性について論じた

<資料>宮崎県の特別支援学校における聾重複障害児の在籍状況と児童生徒の実態 : 学級担任等への聞き取り調査を通して

本研究は、宮崎県の特別支援学校に在籍する聾重複障害児の在籍状況とその児童生徒の実態について、聞き取り調査を通して明らかにしたものである。宮崎県では、特別支援学校全在籍者の3.15％が聾重複児であり、その70％が知的障害特別支援学校や知的併置校に在籍していた。聴覚特別支援学校の在籍児では、重度・高度難聴の者が多く補聴機器を装用しており、知的障害の程度は軽度の者が比較的多かった。一方、知的障害特別支援学校や知的併置校の在籍児では、知的障害の程度の重い者が多く、難聴の程度は中等度・軽度の者が多かったが、知的障害特別支援学校に限れば60％が重度・高度難聴の者であり、手話や絵カード等の視覚的支援が常時必要と思われる児童生徒であった。知的障害の特別支援学校では、その教職員の専門性、学級編制、授業形態等から、重度・高度難聴の聾重複児に十分なコミュニケーション環境が保障されにくいことが示唆された。The purpose of this study was to understand the school enrolment patterns for deaf and hard of hearing students with multiple disabilities and to examine their educational needs in special schools in Miyazaki. In 2016, the total of deaf and HOH students with multiple disabilities enrolled in special schools was 3.15% and 70% of them were enrolled in special schools exclusively or mainly for students with intellectual disabilities (ID). The deaf and HOH students with multiple disabilities who were enrolled in deaf schools wore hearing aids or cochlear implants because they had severe to profound hearing loss; however, their ID were rated mild or moderate. In contrast, the degree of hearing loss of deaf and HOH students with multiple disabilities enrolled in special schools exclusively and mainly for students with ID was less than severe to profound, but most were identified with severe to profound ID. Remarkably, 60 % students enrolling in the special school exclusively for students with ID had severe or profound hearing loss, that is, they needed visual aids such as sign, picture cards, and written texts all through class activities similar to students enrolling in deaf schools. However, special schools exclusively or mainly for students with ID might not be able to provide environments which promote their communication developments because of a lack of fundamental knowledge, trained teaching skills, modified curriculum, deliberate learning groups, and facilities to meet needs of students with ID whose additional need was deafness

Crucial Role of MLL for the Maintenance of Memory T Helper Type 2 Cell Responses

SummaryThe Mixed-Lineage Leukemia (MLL) gene, a mammalian homolog of the Drosophila trithorax, is implicated in regulating the maintenance of Hox gene expression and hematopoiesis. The physiological functions of MLL in the immune system remain largely unknown. Although MLL+/− CD4 T cells differentiate normally into antigen-specific effector Th1/Th2 cells in vitro, the ability of memory Th2 cells to produce Th2 cytokines was selectively reduced. Furthermore, histone modifications at the Th2 cytokine gene loci were not properly maintained in MLL+/− memory Th2 cells. The reduced expression of MLL in memory Th2 cells resulted in decreased GATA3 expression accompanied with impaired GATA3 locus histone modifications. The direct association of MLL with the GATA3 locus and the Th2 cytokine gene loci was demonstrated. Memory Th2 cell-dependent allergic airway inflammation was decreased in MLL+/− Th2 cell-transferred mice. Thus, a crucial role for MLL in the maintenance of memory Th2 cell function is indicated

Regulation of T helper type 2 cell differentiation by murine Schnurri-2

Schnurri (Shn) is a large zinc finger protein implicated in cell growth, signal transduction, and lymphocyte development. Vertebrates possess at least three Shn orthologues (Shn-1, Shn-2, and Shn-3), which appear to act within the bone morphogenetic protein, transforming growth factor β, and activin signaling pathways. However, the physiological functions of the Shn proteins remain largely unknown. In Shn-2–deficient mice, mature peripheral T cells exhibited normal anti–T cell receptor–induced proliferation, although there was dramatic enhancement in the differentiation into T helper type (Th)2 cells and a marginal effect on Th1 cell differentiation. Shn-2–deficient developing Th2 cells showed constitutive activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and enhanced GATA3 induction. Shn-2 was able to compete with p50 NF-κB for binding to a consensus NF-κB motif and inhibit NF-κB–driven promoter activity. Thus, Shn-2 plays a crucial role in the control of Th2 cell differentiation by regulating NF-κB function

Outburst of LS V+44 17 Observed by MAXI and RXTE, and Discovery of a Dip Structure in the Pulse Profile

We report on the first observation of an X-ray outburst of a Be/X-ray binary pulsar LS V +44 17/RX J0440.9+4431, and the discovery of an absorption dip structure in the pulse profile. An outburst of this source was discovered by MAXI GSC in 2010 April. It was the first detection of the transient activity of LS V +44 17 since the source was identified as a Be/X-ray binary in 1997. From the data of the follow-up RXTE observation near the peak of the outburst, we found a narrow dip structure in its pulse profile which was clearer in the lower energy bands. The pulse-phase-averaged energy spectra in the 3$-$100 keV band can be fitted with a continuum model containing a power-law function with an exponential cutoff and a blackbody component, which are modified at low energy by an absorption component. A weak iron K$\alpha$ emission line is also detected in the spectra. From the pulse-phase-resolved spectroscopy we found that the absorption column density at the dip phase was much higher than those in the other phases. The dip was not seen in the subsequent RXTE observations at lower flux levels. These results suggest that the dip in the pulse profile originates from the eclipse of the radiation from the neutron star by the accretion column.Comment: 18 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in PAS

Bright X-ray flares from the BL Lac object Mrk 421, detected with MAXI in 2010 January and February

Strong X-ray flares from the blazar Mrk 421 were detected in 2010 January and February through the 7 month monitoring with the MAXI GSC. The maximum 2 -- 10 keV flux in the January and February flares was measured as 120 +- 10 mCrab and 164 +- 17 mCrab respectively; the latter is the highest among those reported from the object. A comparison of the MAXI and Swift BAT data suggests a convex X-ray spectrum with an approximated photon index of about 2. This spectrum is consistent with a picture that MAXI is observing near the synchrotron peak frequency. The source exhibited a spectral variation during these flares, slightly different from those in the previous observations, in which the positive correlation between the flux and hardness was widely reported. By equating the halving decay timescale in the January flare, $t_{\rm d} \sim 2.5 \times 10^{4}$ s, to the synchrotron cooling time, the magnetic field was evaluated as B = 0.045 G $(\delta/10)^{-1/3}$, where $\delta$ is the jet beaming factor. Assuming that the light crossing time of the emission region is shorter than the doubling rise time, $t_{\rm r} \lesssim 2 \times 10^{4}$ s, the region size was roughly estimated as $R < 6 \times 10^{15}$ cm $(\delta/10)$. These are consistent with the values previously reported. For the February flare, the rise time, $t_{\rm r} < 1.3 \times 10^{5}$ s, gives a loose upper limit on the size as $R < 4 \times 10^{16}$ cm $(\delta/10)$, although the longer decay time $t_{\rm d} \sim 1.4 \times 10^{5}$ s, indicates B = 0.015 G $(\delta/10)^{-1/3}$, which is weaker than the previous results. This could be reconciled by invoking a scenario that this flare is a superposition of unresolved events with a shorter timescale.Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures, accepted for PASJ (Vol. 62 No. 6

MAXI GSC observations of a spectral state transition in the black hole candidate XTE J1752-223

We present the first results on the black hole candidate XTE J1752-223 from the Gas Slit Camera (GSC) on-board the Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image (MAXI) on the International Space Station. Including the onset of the outburst reported by the Proportional Counter Array on-board the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer on 2009 October 23, the MAXI/GSC has been monitoring this source approximately 10 times per day with a high sensitivity in the 2-20 keV band. XTE J1752-223 was initially in the low/hard state during the first 3 months. An anti-correlated behavior between the 2-4 keV and 4-20 keV bands were observed around January 20, 2010, indicating that the source exhibited the spectral transition to the high/soft state. A transient radio jet may have been ejected when the source was in the intermediate state where the spectrum was roughly explained by a power-law with a photon index of 2.5-3.0. The unusually long period in the initial low/hard state implies a slow variation in the mass accretion rate, and the dramatic soft X-ray increase may be explained by a sudden appearance of the accretion disk component with a relatively low innermost temperature (0.4-0.7 keV). Such a low temperature might suggest that the maximum accretion rate was just above the critical gas evaporation rate required for the state transition.Comment: Publication of Astronomical Society of Japan Vol.62, No.5 (2010) [in print

Lck Availability during Thymic Selection Determines the Recognition Specificity of the T Cell Repertoire

SummaryThymic selection requires signaling by the protein tyrosine kinase Lck to generate T cells expressing αβ T cell antigen receptors (TCR). For reasons not understood, the thymus selects only αβTCR that are restricted by major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-encoded determinants. Here, we report that Lck proteins that were coreceptor associated promoted thymic selection of conventionally MHC-restricted TCR, but Lck proteins that were coreceptor free promoted thymic selection of MHC-independent TCR. Transgenic TCR with MHC-independent specificity for CD155 utilized coreceptor-free Lck to signal thymic selection in the absence of MHC, unlike any transgenic TCR previously described. Thus, the thymus can select either MHC-restricted or MHC-independent αβTCR depending on whether Lck is coreceptor associated or coreceptor free. We conclude that the intracellular state of Lck determines the specificity of thymic selection and that Lck association with coreceptor proteins during thymic selection is the mechanism by which MHC restriction is imposed on a randomly generated αβTCR repertoire

Long-term Monitoring of the Black Hole Binary GX 339-4 in the High/Soft State during the 2010 Outburst with MAXI/GSC

We present the results of monitoring the Galactic black hole candidate GX 339-4 with the Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image (MAXI) / Gas Slit Camera (GSC) in the high/soft state during the outburst in 2010. All the spectra throughout the 8-month period are well reproduced with a model consisting of multi-color disk (MCD) emission and its Comptonization component, whose fraction is <= 25% in the total flux. In spite of the flux variability over a factor of 3, the innermost disk radius is constant at R_in = 61 +/- 2 km for the inclination angle of i = 46 deg and the distance of d=8 kpc. This R_in value is consistent with those of the past measurements with Tenma in the high/soft state. Assuming that the disk extends to the innermost stable circular orbit of a non-spinning black hole, we estimate the black hole mass to be M = 6.8 +/- 0.2 M_sun for i = 46 deg and d = 8 kpc, which is consistent with that estimated from the Suzaku observation of the previous low/hard state. Further combined with the mass function, we obtain the mass constraint of 4.3 M_sun < M < 13.3 M_sun for the allowed range of d = 6-15 kpc and i < 60 deg. We also discuss the spin parameter of the black hole in GX 339-4 by applying relativistic accretion disk models to the Swift/XRT data.Comment: 9 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in PASJ (Suzaku+MAXI special issue