Мясо в рационе севернорусских крестьян: этнолингвистический аспект

The author reconstructs the complex of folk ideas connected with meat in the Russian North (Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions, north of the Kostroma region). The analysis involves Russian dialect vocabulary, folklore texts and folk beliefs. The new data collected by the Toponymic Expedition of the Ural University are introduced into scientific use. The methods of motivational analysis, semantic reconstruction, as well as semantic-motivational parallels between linguistic facts and data of non-linguistic forms of culture are applied. The study characterizes the attitude of the peasants towards the meat of different animals, slaughter rituals, methods of storing meat, features, important for meat products (raw - boiled, fresh - harvested for future use, clean - unclean, etc.), and food preferences of local social groups. The author concludes that meat served not only as food but also as a cultural and linguistic symbol. Analysis of the vocabulary, rituals, and folk legends associated with the slaughter of livestock allows reconstructing the tradition of the sacrifice festivals (). The vocabulary associated with meat food reveals a difference in the meat ration of Russians and aborigines of the Russian North, who consumed raw meat, as well as not familiar to Russian reindeer meat, seal meat, and walrus. The paper clarifies the motivation of some lexemes, for example, the designations with component tsarskiy and tserkovnyy. Nicknames, the folk motivation of which is associated with the use of meat, are analyzed (volog. telyatniki, volog. veksheedy, arch. morzheedy, arch. kostogryzy, volog. Samoed, etc.). © 2020 Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Philology. All rights reserved

Тhe Reconstruction of the Traditional Peasant Diet of the Russian North according to Linguistic Data (with Reference to Oatmeal Dishes Names)

Поступила в редакцию 22.02.2019. Принята к печати 21.08.2019.Submitted on 22 February, 2019. Accepted on 21 August, 2019.В статье анализируются севернорусские названия похлебок из толокна, которые входили в состав традиционного рациона крестьян и ценились за питательность и легкость приготовления. Статья основывается на диалектном материале, собранном на территории Архангельской, Вологодской и Костромской областей. Материал извлекался из словарей и неопубликованных источников — лексической картотеки Топонимической экспедиции Уральского университета. Этнолингвистическое исследование включает семантико-мотивационный анализ лексики, ее ареальную характеристику, а также интерпретацию фольклора и акциональных форм культуры. Автором была выявлена специфика приготовления и употребления блюд из толокна, определены основные мотивационные модели, на основе которых сформировалась эта группа лексики. Слово дежéнь, употребляемое на Русском Севере в значении ‘жидкое блюдо из муки’, является архаичной формой, которая сохранила здесь свою исконную семантику. В мотивационных моделях, характерных для названий похлебок из толокна, отразились следующие их особенности: блюдо не требует варки (сыровéга, суровéга), готовится из сухих ингредиентов путем замешивания, битья (сухомéс, тяпýшка, мят'ишка), имеет вязкую консистенцию (хл'юпа), готовится на сырой, холодной воде (сиверýха). Выявленные мотивационные модели позволили прояснить этимологию таких слов, как заепéря, п'ятево, тóкра, шуроéга (и других фонетико-словообразовательных вариантов), ш'ипель и пр.: большинство лексем относится к исконно русской лексике. Основные обрядовые функции блюд из толокна были связаны с дожинальными обрядами (ср. хл'юпа ‘похлебка из толокна’, ‘празднество по окончании жатвы’): дежень символизировал собранный урожай, сытость и достаток предстоящего осенне-зимнего периода.This article analyses names of oatmeal chowder, which were part of the traditional peasant diet of the Russian North and were valued as nutritious and easy to cook. The article is based on dialect material of Arkhangelsk, Vologda, and Kostroma regions. The author refers to published lexicographic sources, as well as to lexicographic files of the Russian North Dialects Dictionary and the Ural Federal University Toponymic Expedition. The ethnolinguistic research carried out includes a semantic and motivational analysis of the vocabulary, its areal characteristics, interpretation of folklore and action-based cultural forms. The author emphasises the peculiarities of cooking and eating oatmeal and highlights the main motivational models of this lexical group. The word дежéнь widely used in the Russian North in the meaning of “liquid flour dish” is an archaic form that has preserved its original semantics. The following features are reflected in the motivational patterns of oatmeal chowder nominations: the dish does not require cooking (сыровéга, суровéга), it is prepared from dry ingredients by kneading or beating (сухомéс, тяп'ушка, мят'ишка), has viscous consistency (хл'юпа), is prepared with raw or cold water (сивер'уха). The motivational models identified help clarify the etymology of such words as шуроéга (and other phonetic and derivational variants), шúпель, заепéря, п'ятево, сивер'уха, тóкра, etc.: most of the lexemes belong to the original Russian vocabulary; the words л'уда and тóкра are borrowed from the Finno-Ugric languages. The main ceremonial functions of dishes made of oatmeal chowder were related to harvest ceremonies (cf. хл'юпа ‘dezhen’, ‘celebration at the end of the harvest’): dezhen symbolised the harvest, satiety and prosperity of the coming autumn-winter period.Исследование выполнено в рамках проекта 34.2316.2017/4.6 («Волго-Двинское междуречье и Белозерский край: история и культура регионов по лингвистическим данным»), поддержанного Минобрнауки РФ.The research was carried out as part of project 34.2316.2017/4.6 “The Volga–Dvina Interfluve and the Belozerye Area: History and Culture of Regions according to Linguistic Data” supported by the Russian Ministry of Education and Science

Northern Russian Names of Flour and Bread Made of Different Varieties of Grain: The Semantic-Motivational Aspect

Поступила в редакцию: 29.05.2021. Принята к печати: 10.08.2021.Submitted: 29.05.2021. Accepted: 10.08.2021.В статье рассматриваются диалектные наименования хлеба из смеси двух или трех сортов муки (ячменной, ржаной, овсяной или пшеничной), записанные на территории Архангельской, Вологодской и севера Костромской областей. Осуществлен анализ этой группы лексики в лингвогеографическом и семантико-мотивационном аспектах с целью определения особенностей формирования рассматриваемой лексической группы и соответствующей пищевой традиции, выявления возможных иноязычных и инокультурных влияний, этимологической реконструкции «темных» лексем. Выделяется несколько групп названий и ареалов распространения идеограммы «хлеб из смешанной муки». Устанавливается, что употребление хлеба из смешанной муки было характерно в большей степени для жителей юга, юго-востока и запада Архангельской области, центральных и восточных районов Вологодской области и северо-восточных районов Костромской области. Выделены несколько типов названий и ареалов их распространения: двоежиток — троежитник; двинянка; соричник, сорица; смёш, смешечник; сутолока. На основе выявленных семантико-мотивационных моделей предложена этимология для севернорусского двинянка ‘хлеб из двух слоев теста’ в связи с числительным два. Учитывая существующую этимологию русского диалектного сорник ‘хлеб из нескольких видов муки’ в связи с коми сор ‘примесь’, автор предлагает рассматривать диал. смешенник как калькирование заимствованных лексем с корнем сор- (сорник и др.). Архаичность рассмотренной группы лексики позволяет считать традицию приготовления смешанной муки и хлеба из нее достаточно древней. Она могла быть заимствована русскими крестьянами у финно-угров, которые имели бóльший опыт выпекания хлеба из ячменя.This article discusses dialectal names of bread made of a mixture of two or three varieties of flour (barley, rye, oat, or wheat), recorded on the territory of Arkhangelsk, Vologda, and northern Kostroma regions. The author carries out an analysis of this group of vocabulary in linguo-geographic and semantic-motivational aspects in order to determine the peculiarities of the formation of the lexical group under consideration and the corresponding food tradition, to identify possible foreign language and foreign cultural influences and the etymological reconstruction of lexemes with an unclear motivation. There are several groups of names and areas of distribution of the ideogram “bread made of mixed flour”. It is established that the use of bread made of mixed flour was typical of residents of the south, southeast, and west of Arkhangelsk region, the central and eastern parts of Vologda region, and the northeastern parts of Kostroma region. The author singles out several types of names and areas of their distribution, i.e. двоежиток — троежитник; двинянка; соричник, сорица; смёш, смешечник; сутолока. Referring to the semantic-motivational models revealed, the author proposes an etymology for the northern Russian двинянка ‘bread that has two layers of dough’ in connection with the number два ‘two’. Given the existing etymology of Rus. dial. сорник ‘bread made of several types of flour’ in connection with the Komi сор ‘admixture’, it is proposed to consider dial. смешенник as a calque of loanwords with the root сор- (сорник, etc.). The archaic nature of the vocabulary group in question makes it possible to consider the tradition of making mixed flour and bread out of it quite old. It was partially borrowed by Russian peasants from the Finno-Ugric peoples who had more experience in baking bread from barley.Исследование выполнено при поддержке гранта РНФ № 20-18-00223 «Этимологизация и семантическая реконструкция русской диалектной лексики».The research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant project 20-18-00223 “Etymologisation and Semantic Reconstruction of Russian Dialect Vocabulary”

Clinical efficacy of a betablockers therapy in patients with chronic heart failure on the background of postinfarction cardiosclerosis

Despite the fact that betablockers (BBs) are one of the main groups of therapy of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), the comparative effectiveness of various BBs in patients with postinfarction cardiosclerosis (PICS) is uncertain. There was performed comparative analysis of clinical efficacy of BBs in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) on the background of coronary heart disease (CHD), PICS. There was evaluated the impact of metoprolol succinate, carvedilol, bisoprolol and betaxolol on blood pressure (BP), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), change the functional class of chronic heart failure, and mortality in patients over 4 year

Results of investigation of muon fluxes of superhigh energy cosmic rays with X-ray emulsion chambers

The overall data from the investigation of the cosmic ray muon flux in the range of zenith angles (0-90) deg within the energy range (3.5 to 5.0) TeV is presented. The exposure of large X-ray emulsion chambers underground was 1200 tons. year. The data were processe using the method which was applied in the experiment Pamir and differred from the earlier applied one. The obtained value of a slope power index of the differential energy spectrum of the global muon flux is =3.7 that corresponds to the slope of the pion generation differential spectrum, gamma sub PI = 2.75 + or - .04. The analysis of the muon zenith-angular distribution showed that the contribution of rapid generation muons in the total muon flux agree the best with the value .2% and less with .7% at a 90% reliability level

Influence mechanisms of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (spironolactone) among elderly patients with chronic heartfailure against ischemic disease

It was determined that a significant positive dynamics of TNF-synthesis suppression by 67.0% (p 0.0001) was established in the 4th group of patients taking combined therapy with the blocker of mineralocorticoid receptors with spironolacton

ELECTRICAL INSTABILITY OF MYOCARDIUM IN YOUNG MEN WITH ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION AND OCCUPATIONAL STRESS

Aim. To evaluate prevalence of electrical instability of the heart in persons with stressogenic professions by a complex evaluation of the parameters of clinical and functional methods of investigation.Material and methods. Totally 154 men included with AH of I-II stages; first group consisted of 78 motormen and their assistants having stressogenic profession, second grup consisted of 76 persons with minimal psychoemotional tension. A clinical and functional investigation was performed.Results. In 1st group "possible existence" of delayed atrial and ventricular potentials was twice and three times (resp.) more prevalent comparing to the 2nd (with p=0,0001 and p=0,0002, resp.). A rigid circadian index in the 1st group was 1,7 times more prevalent (Х2=10,5; p<0,001). In those having AH with concomitant chronic gastritis and gastric or duodenal ulcer disease the circadian rigidity was 1,6 times more prevalent (x2 =5,9; p<0,05) in the 1st group. In first stage AH the shift of vagosympathetic balance to sympathic type is more common for the 1st group than for the 2nd.Conclusion. In young men with AH and occupational stress comparing to men with low — stress profession the signs of electrical instabilty are more common

Implementation of the state economic policy in the field of education

The relevance of the analyzed issue is caused by the need to study the mutual development of higher education and basic factors of the production system. The purpose of this paper is the development of theoretical positions of state regulation of higher education systems, as well as the development of practical recommendations for the implementation of the economic policy at the present stage of development. The leading approaches in the study of this issue are historic-economic, institutional and evolutionary, econometric modeling elements allowing justifying the trend of the higher education development in the current period. It is proved that changes in economic policy conditions are associated with the implementation of irreversible transformations occurring in the factors of production. It is shown that these changes dictate cyclical fluctuations, as well as the evolution of the behavior and preferences of consumers. The contents of this article may be useful in the development of a state strategy to modernize higher education and the overall economic policy. © 2016 Malikh et al