Banki nasion - problem zdrowotnosci i zagrozen chorobowych

Przedyskutowano problem zdrowotności nasion w różnych formach wymiany międzynarodowej, w tym w programie działalności banków genów-kolekcji nasiennych. Zwrócono uwagę na potencjalne ryzyko i aspekt epidemiologiczny przenoszenia patogenów z nasionami, żywotność patogenów w przechowywanych nasionach oraz metody oceny zdrowotności nasion. Podkreślono znaczenie tej problematyki przy wykorzystywaniu materiałów kolekcyjnych do celów hodowlanych.The problem of seed health at different forms of global seed movement, including the international seed exchange under the activities in genetic resources co-operation, was considered. The phytosanitary regulations, epidemiological aspects of pathogen transmission by the seeds causing potential risk of disseminating economically important plant diseases, methods of seed health testing and longevity of pathogens during seed storage were discussed. The importance of healthy seed to be usedfor safe plant breeding programmes was pointed out

Inkubacyjne metody wykrywania grzybów na nasionach kminku (Carum carvi L.)

Infestation with fungi may significantly affect the quality of seeds. However, there is no standard method for caraway (Carum carvi L.) seed health testing. The aim of the present study was to determine the most efficient method of the detection of fungi associatyed with caraway seeds. Seven incubation methods for evaluation of health of these seeds were compared: deep freeze blotter test, blotter test with mannitol, blotter test with polyethylene glycol, agar tests on potato-dextrose-agar (PDA) and on reduced PDA (RPDA) without seed disinfection, and agar tests on PDA and RPDA after seed disinfection. The evaluation was performed after 10 and 14 days of incubation. Thirty two fungal genera were associated with the seeds. Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium spp. and Rhizopus nigricans were identified most frequently. Prolongation of incubation time favoured growth of Fusarium spp. and R. nigricans to the highest extent. The greatest seed infestation with fungi, especially Alternaria spp., was observed in the deep freeze blotter test followed by the blotter test with mannitol. Both of them could be recommended for further study on caraway seed health testing.Zasiedlenie przez grzyby może istotnie wpływać na jakość nasion, jednak nie ma obecnie standardowej metody oceny zdrowotności nasion kminku (Carum carvi L). Celem prezentowanych badań było określenie optymalnej metody wykrywania grzybów zasiedlających nasiona kminku. Porównywano siedem metod oceny zdrowotności tych nasion: test bibułowy z przemrażaniem nasion, test bibułowy z mannitolem, test bibułowy z glikolem polietylenowym, test agarowy na pożywce glukozowo-ziemniaczanej (PDA) i zubożonej pożywce PDA (RPDA) bez odkażania nasion i test agarowy na pożywce PDA i RPDA po odkażaniu nasion. Ocenę przeprowadzono po 10 i 14 dniach inkubacji. Na nasionach stwierdzono występowanie 32 rodzajów grzybów. Najczęściej identyfikowano Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium spp. i Rhizopus nigricans. Wydłużenie inkubacji w największym stopniu sprzyjało wzrostowi Fusarium spp. i R. nigricans. Największe zasiedlenie nasion przez grzyby, zwłaszcza Alternaria spp., obserwowano w teście bibułowym z przemrażaniem nasion, a następnie w teście bibułowym z mannitolem i oba te testy można polecić do dalszych badań nad oceną zdrowotności nasion kminku

Kiełkowanie i wigor nasion kalarepy poddanych kondycjonowaniu w obecności Alternaria brassicicola (Schw.) Wiltshire

Priming is a treatment applied for seed enhancement. Brassica vegetable seeds are commonly affected by Alternaria brassicicola. The changes in germination and vigour of kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes L.) seeds subjected to two priming methods in the presence of A. brassicicola were investigated. The following treatments were applied: uninoculated non-primed seeds (control), seeds inoculated with A. brassicicola (2∙104 spores ml-1), uninoculated and inoculated seeds hydroprimed for 1–2 days, and uninoculated and inoculated seeds osmoprimed for 1–4 days. The percentage of germinating seeds, germination capacity, the percentages of diseased seedlings and dead seeds were determined. The speed of germination, tetrazolium staining index, and electrical conductivity described seed vigour. The presence of A. brassicicola on/in seeds was confirmed on CW semiselective agar. Osmopriming was conducive to penetration of A. brassicicola into kohlrabi seeds. The presence of the fungus had no influence on the percentage of germinating seeds, but a significantly lower germination capacity and a higher percentage of diseased seedlings and dead seeds were observed after inoculation. Non-primed inoculated seeds germinated faster than uninoculated ones. Despite the presence of A. brassicicola, osmotic priming improved seed vigour as measured by the speed of seed germination and electrical conductivity. The results of the tetrazolium vigour test showed its limited usefulness for seeds heavily infected with A. brassicicola.Kondycjonowanie nasion jest zabiegiem poprawiającym ich jakość. Nasiona warzyw kapustnych są powszechnie zasiedlone przez grzyb Alternaria brassicicola. W pracy analizowano wpływ dwóch metod kondycjonowania na kiełkowanie i wigor nasion kalarepy (Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes L.) inokulowanych A. brassicicola. Badano nasiona nieinokulowane i niekondycjonowane (kontrola), nasiona inokulowane A. brassicicola (2∙104 zarodników·ml-1), nasiona nieinokulowane i inokulowane hydrokondycjonowane przez 1 i 2 dni oraz nasiona nieinokulowane i inokulowane osmokondycjonowane przez 1–4 dni. Określano liczbę nasion kiełkujących, zdolność kiełkowania oraz procent siewek chorych i nasion martwych. Wigor nasion oceniano na podstawie szybkości ich kiełkowania, testu tetrazolinowego oraz testu konduktometrycznego. Zasiedlenie nasion przez A. brassicicola badano na półselektywnej agarowej pożywce CW. Osmokondycjonowanie sprzyjało penetracji nasion przez patogen. Obecność grzyba w/na nasionach nie miała wpływu na procent kiełkujących nasion, ale znacząco zmniejszała ich zdolność kiełkowania, zwiększając jednocześnie liczbę siewek chorych i nasion martwych. Pomimo obecności patogena kondycjonowanie osmotyczne poprawiało szybkość kiełkowania nasion i wyniki testu konduktometrycznego. Wyniki testu tetrazolinowego wykazały jego ograniczoną przydatność do badania wigoru nasion porażonych w dużym stopniu przez A. brassicicola

Index of Mechanical Work in Gait of Children with Cerebral Palsy

The pathological gait of children with cerebral palsy involves higher mechanical work, which limits their ability to function properly in society. Mechanical work is directly related to walking speed and, although a number of studies have been carried out in this field, few of them analysed the effect of the speed. The study aimed to develop standards for mechanical work during gait of children with cerebral palsy depending on the walking speed. The study covered 18 children with cerebral palsy and 14 healthy children. The BTS Smart software and the author's software were used to evaluate mechanical work, kinetic, potential and rotational energy connected with motion of the children body during walk. Compared to healthy subjects, mechanical work in children with cerebral palsy increases with the degree of disability. It can be expressed as a linear function of walking speed and shows strong and statistically significant correlations with walking gait. A negative statistically significant correlation between the degree of disability and walking speed can be observed. The highest contribution to the total mechanical energy during gait is from mechanical energy of the feet. Instantaneous value of rotational energy is 700 times lower than the instantaneous mechanical energy. An increase in walking speed causes the increase in the effect of the index of kinetic energy on total mechanical work. The method described can provide an objective supplementation for doctors and physical therapists to perform a simple and immediate diagnosis without much technical knowledge

Effects of temperature and incubation period on production of toxic metabolites by Alternaria radicina and A. alternata

The production of toxic metabolites by four isolates of Alternaria radicina and two isolates of A. alternata in rice grains and carrot discs at 1, 10 and 20ºC was investigated. Incubation lasted 21 and 35 days or 14 and 28 days for rice grains and carrot discs, respectively. Accumulation of toxins in inoculated carrot roots stored for 24 weeks and in inoculated dried carrots stored for 48 weeks was also determined. It was found that A. radicina produced radicinin (RAD) and epi-radicinol (epi-ROH), whereas tenuazonic acid (TeA), altertoxin I (ATX I), alternariol (AOH) and alternariol methyl ether (AME) were produced by A. alternata. Although the isolates tested were capable of producing toxins in rice grains at 1ºC, none of them was detected in carrot discs. Accumulation of epi-ROH was observed in carrot roots stored for 24 weeks, whereas decreased amounts of RAD and epi-ROH were observed in dried carrots stored for 48 weeks. No A. alternata toxins were detected in stored carrot roots, whereas trace amounts of AOH were recorded in dried carrots after 32 and 48 weeks of storage.Zbadano tworzenie toksycznych metabolitów przez Alternaria radicina i A. alternata w ziarnie ryżu i krążkach marchwi w temperaturze 1, 10ºC i 20ºC. Inkubacja w ziarnie ryżu trwała 21 i 35 dni, a w plastrach marchwi 14 i 21 dni. Określono także akumulację tych toksyn w inokulowanych przechowywanych korzeniach i suszu marchwi. Grzyb A. radicina tworzył radicininę (RAD) i epi-radicinol (epi-ROH), natomiast A. alternata – kwas tenuazonowy (TeA), altertoksynę I (ATX I), alternariol (AOH) i eter metylowy alternariolu (AME). Choć w temperaturze 1ºC obydwa gatunki tworzyły toksyny w ziarnie ryżu, to w plastrach marchwi ich nie wykryto. W korzeniach przechowywanych przez 24 tygodnie następowała akumulacja epi-ROH. Stężenie RAD i epi-ROH w suszu zmniejszało się. Korzenie były wolne od toksyn tworzonych przez A. alternata, natomiast w suszu przechowywanym przez 32 i 48 tygodni wykryto śladowe ilości AOH

Infection of Raccoon Dogs (<i>Nyctereutes procyonoides</i>) from Northern Poland with Gastrointestinal Parasites as a Potential Threat to Human Health

The aim of the study was to determinate the prevalence and intensity of infection of raccoon dogs with internal parasites, with a particular emphasis on particular species of helminths known to be dangerous to humans. A total of 96 raccoon dogs were obtained from hunters from September 2018 to October 2021. The digestive tract was taken for examination. The parasitological examination was performed using the dissection methods. The extensity of infection with all internal parasites was 60.3%. The following parasites were found in the tested animals: Echinococcus multilocularis (in 10.42% of animals), Toxocara canis (18.75%), Alaria alata (25.0%), Taenia spp. (19.79%), Uncinaria stenocephala (27.08%), Mesocestoides spp. (54.17%) and Dipylidium caninum (6.25%). The highest mean intensity of infection was demonstrated by A. alata and E. multilocularis then by Mesocestoides spp. This study showed that the raccoon dog from northern Poland is a reservoir host of zoonotic pathogens, such as E. multilocularis, Toxocara canis and Alaria alata. Although the role of the racoon dog as a final host of the life cycle of E. multilocularis is considered of less importance than that of the red fox, this species may increase the risk of echinococcosis in humans, mainly due to its growing population in northern Poland