Kazakhstani material testing Tokamak KTM. project status

Creation of cost-efficient and safe fusion reactor will require the development of special structural materials for first wall, blanket, reactor components, which will be operated under conditions of the high heat fluxes, superconducting magnets, plasma heating systems and other elements. The existing tokamaks and other fusion facilities do not currently allow for conduction of specialized researches of plasma-facing structural materials. Kazakhstani Material Testing Tokamak (hereinafter - KTM) provides for a unique opportunity to conduct materials research and testing of separate units and components of fusion reactors..

Kazakhstani material testing Tokamak KTM. project status

Creation of cost-efficient and safe fusion reactor will require the development of special structural materials for first wall, blanket, reactor components, which will be operated under conditions of the high heat fluxes, superconducting magnets, plasma heating systems and other elements. The existing tokamaks and other fusion facilities do not currently allow for conduction of specialized researches of plasma-facing structural materials. Kazakhstani Material Testing Tokamak (hereinafter - KTM) provides for a unique opportunity to conduct materials research and testing of separate units and components of fusion reactors..

KTM TOKAMAK OPERATION SCENARIOS SOFTWARE INFRASTRUCTURE

One of the largest problems for tokamak devices such as Kazakhstan Tokamak for Material Testing (KTM) is the operation scenarios' development and execution. Operation scenarios may be varied often, so a convenient hardware and software solution is required for scenario management and execution. Dozens of diagnostic and control subsystems with numerous configuration settings may be used in an experiment, so it is required to automate the subsystem configuration process to coordinate changes of the related settings and to prevent errors. Most of the diagnostic and control subsystems software at KTM was unified using an extra software layer, describing the hardware abstraction interface. The experiment sequence was described using a command language.The whole infrastructure was brought together by a universal communication protocol supporting various media, including Ethernet and serial links. The operation sequence execution infrastructure was used at KTM to carry out plasma experiments

Aggregation of Aqueous Kaolin Suspensions in the Presence of Cationic Polyelectrolytes, Anionic Polyelectrolytes and their Mixtures

The influence of anionic, cationic synthetic polyelectrolytes and their mixtures on the aggregation of kaolin hydrosuspension has been studied by means of spectrophotometry, electrophoresis and dynamic light scattering (DLS). An enhancement of the flocculating property of the cationic polyelectrolyte FO 4650 in accordance with its consumption increases from 0.77 mg/g to 7.7 mg/g has been found. At these conditions the relative size of floccules (R) increases from 1.0 to 13.0. The increase of the flocculating property accordingly to the increasing charge of anionic polyelectrolyte is observed in mixtures of cationic and anionic polyelectrolytes. The time dependences of R in presence of the weakly charged cationic polyelectrolyte mixtures reach a plateau region. This can be associated with the formation of electrostatic contacts between the solid surface and the polymer mixtures, as well as with stabilizing equilibrium conformation of macromolecules. It has been found that mixtures of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes lead to more efficient aggregation of particles than individual polyelectrolytes. This process is enhanced by the introduction primarily of the cationic polyelectrolyte and then the anionic one (R = 6‒10). Use of the preformulated mixtures of polymers leads to the marked increase in degree of particle aggregation (R = 12). The reason is an interaction of kaolin particles with inter-polymer complex formed by electrostatic attraction of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes

Composite Biosorbents of Metal Ions Based on Yeast Cells and Diatomite

The possibility of removing Cu2+ and Pb2+ ions from solutions by the yeast cells Rhodotorula glutinis and diatomite (natural mineral) was studied. It is shown that at the concentration of CuSO4 and Pb(NO3)2 10-3 mol/l the removal of metal ions by yeast cells was 59.1 and 72.4% for the ions of Cu2+ and Pb2+. The yeast cells surface includes amino, hydroxyl, phosphate and carboxyl groups which activates sorption ability, because these groups can bind metal ions by ion exchange, donor acceptor and electrostatic interactions. The removal degree of metal ions by diatomite under the same conditions was for Cu2+ 91.6% and for Pb2+ 94.7%. To increase the removal degree of metal ions from solutions, the yeast cells were immobilized on the surface of diatomite. In order to attach the negatively charged cells of microorganisms with negatively charged surface of the mineral, the surface of diatomite was modified by polyethylenimine (PEI). As a result, the immobilization degree of Rhodotorula glutinisto the surface of diatomite at the concentration of PEI 0.02 base-mol/l increased from 62 to 88%, which is explained by the existence of electrostatic contacts between the negatively charged functional groups of the cell surface and amino groups of PEI, that has covered the surface of diatomite by PEI. It is shown that the obtained composite biosorbent removes 97.8% of Cu2+ ions and 99.4% of Pb2+ ions

Organizational-economic aspects of formation of the market of medical plants

Актуальность темы определяется необходимостью поиска путей ускоренного решения важнейшей социально-экономической задачи - лекарственного обеспечения населения.Relevance of the topic determined the need to find ways to accelerate the solution of important social and economic challenges - pharmaceuticals provision

Blood coagulation and beyond:Position paper from the Fourth Maastricht Consensus Conference on Thrombosis

The 4th Maastricht Consensus Conference on Thrombosis (MCCT), included the following themes: Theme 1: The coagulome as a critical driver of cardiovascular disease Blood coagulation proteins also play divergent roles in biology and pathophysiology, related to specific organs, including brain, heart, bone marrow and kidney. Four investigators shared their views on these organ-specific topics. Theme 2: Novel mechanisms of thrombosis Mechanisms linking factor XII to fibrin, including their structural and physical properties, contribute to thrombosis, which is also affected by variation in microbiome status. Virus infections associated-coagulopathies perturb the hemostatic balance resulting in thrombosis and/or bleeding. Theme 3: How to limit bleeding risks: insights from translational studies This theme included state of the art methodology for exploring the contribution of genetic determinants of a bleeding diathesis; determination of polymorphisms in genes that control the rate of metabolism by the liver of P2Y12 inhibitors, to improve safety of antithrombotic therapy. Novel reversal agents for direct oral anticoagulants are discussed. Theme 4: Hemostasis in extracorporeal systems: how to utilize ex vivo models? Perfusion flow chamber and nanotechnology developments are developed for studying bleeding and thrombosis tendencies. Vascularised organoids are utilized for disease modeling and drug development studies. Strategies for tackling extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) associated coagulopathy are discussed. Theme 5: Clinical dilemmas in thrombosis and antithrombotic management Plenary presentations addressed controversial areas, ie thrombophilia testing, thrombosis risk assessment in hemophilia, novel antiplatelet strategies and clinically tested factor XI(a) inhibitors,both possibly with reduced bleeding risk. Finally, Covid-19 associated coagulopathy is revisited.</p

Blood coagulation and beyond: position paper from the fourth Maastricht consensus conference on thrombosis

The Fourth Maastricht Consensus Conference on Thrombosis included the following themes. Theme 1: The "coagulome" as a critical driver of cardiovascular disease. Blood coagulation proteins also play divergent roles in biology and pathophysiology, related to specific organs, including brain, heart, bone marrow, and kidney. Four investigators shared their views on these organ- specific topics. Theme 2: Novel mechanisms of thrombosis. Mechanisms linking factor XII to fibrin, including their structural and physical properties, contribute to thrombosis, which is also affected by variation in microbiome status. Virus infection-associated coagulopathies perturb the hemostatic balance resulting in thrombosis and/ or bleeding. Theme 3: How to limit bleeding risks: insights from translational studies. This theme included state-of- the- art methodology for exploring the contribution of genetic determinants of a bleeding diathesis; determination of polymorphisms in genes that control the rate of metabolism by the liver of P2Y12 inhibitors, to improve safety of antithrombotic therapy. Novel reversal agents for direct oral anticoagulants are discussed. Theme 4: Hemostasis in extracorporeal systems: the value and limitations of ex vivo models. Perfusion flow chamber and nanotechnology developments are developed for studying bleeding and thrombosis tendencies. Vascularized organoids are utilized for disease modeling and drug development studies. Strategies for tackling extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-associated coagulopathy are discussed. Theme 5: Clinical dilemmas in thrombosis and antithrombotic management. Plenary presentations addressed controversial areas, i. e., thrombophilia testing, thrombosis risk assessment in hemophilia, novel antiplatelet strategies, and clinically tested factor XI(a) inhibitors, both possibly with reduced bleeding risk. Finally, COVID- 19-associated coagulopathy is revisited.Nephrolog

A Research of Colloidal Silver Immobilization in Bionanocomposites of Natural Polymers and Montmorillonite

Currently, colloidal silver particles are used in the creation of electronic, optical, and sensor devices of a new generation. Silver-containing bionanocomposites (BNCs) were synthesized by immobilization of colloidal montmorillonite particles containing colloidal silver in a composition of sodium alginate and sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose. Silver-containing montmorillonite particles Ag-Mt were obtained by replacing Na+ ions in layered silicate galleries with Ag+ ions, followed by the transformation of silver ions into silver particles. The introduction of Ag+ ions into the montmorillonite structure is justified by infrared spectroscopy. When studying the strength of bionanocomposite films, it was found that with an increase in the content of Ag-Mt particles in their composition, the strength increases and the deformation decreases.It is found that the equilibrium values of the swelling constant are set in ~30 minutes. At the same time, with an increase in the Ag-Mt content in the bionanocomposite from 3 % to 10 %, the value of the equilibrium swelling coefficient (Kswell) decreases by 2.8 times. The replacement of Na+ ions with Ag+ ions in the montmorillonite structure is accompanied by a decrease in the swelling of bionanocomposites, which is explained by the lower hydration of Ag+ ions compared to Na+ ions. As another reason for the decrease in the swelling of bimonanocomposites with an increase in the proportion of Ag-Mt in their composition, enhancing their ability to structure formation in the prersence of a clay mineral is indicated.The kinetics of the release of Ag+ ions from bionanocomposites into saline has been studied. It is shown that the release of Ag+ ions increases with increasing pH of the mediu