Three Phase Three Level Unidirectional PWM Rectifier

ABSTRACT: Almost two decades of research on unidirectional three-phase multilevel boost-type pulse width modulation (PWM) rectifiers have shown the benefits of employing this technology to comply with power quality standards while assuring high efficiency and low volume and weight. However, the unidirectional topologies directly derived from the conventional three-level bidirectional converters, such as the neutral point clamped (NPC), the flying capacitor and the cascaded H-bridge converters have not been properly analyzed. This letter introduces some of the unidirectional topologies that arise from the inspection of the widespread conventional bidirectional converters. Special emphasis is put in the analysis of the NPC-based three-phase/-level PWM rectifier operating as power factor corrector

Biomass and Carbon Stock Estimation in Woody Grass (\u3cem\u3eDendrocalamus strictus\u3c/em\u3e L.) in Doon Valley, India

Bamboos commonly kown as woody grass are one of the most important species particularly in Asia, where it is frequently considered as the ―timber of the poor‖ (Rao et al., 1985). With about 23 genera and 136 species, India is the second largest reservoir of bamboos, next only to China (SFR, 2013 and Nath et al., 2009). Bamboos occur extensively in the managed ecosystems of India—both as plantations (and in agroforestry (scattered clumps, hedgerows on farm boundaries etc. Dendrocalamus strictus L. is most commonly found bamboo in India. It is widely distributed in dry deciduous forests and grows rapidly in all climatic conditions and occupies about 53 % of total bamboo area in India. It grows better in the drier parts and on sandstone, granite and coarse grained soils with low moisture- retaining capacity and soils with pH range 5.5–7.6. It grows more than 8 feet in 6–8 months. The species is used widely for as raw material in paper mills and also for variety of purposes such as construction, agricultural implements, musical instruments, furniture etc. The species is also suitable for reclamations of degraded and ravine lands. The accurate assessment of biomass estimates of a forest is important for many applications (Brown, 2002; Chave et al., 2004; Arora et al., 2014; Verma et al., 2014). In recent years, the carbon cycle has become an important issue in the world and plants play a major role in carbon storage. Biomass estimation enables us to estimate the amount of carbon dioxide that can be sequestered from the atmosphere. However, most of the carbon and biomass studies focus on assessing the capability of trees viz., poplar, eucalyptus, shisham, chir teak, subabul etc. The studies related to biomass and carbon stock estimation in bamboos is limited. The present study examine specifically the above ground stand biomass, biomass structure and C storage in D. strictus

Improving women’s diet quality pre-conceptionally and during gestation: effects on birth weight and prevalence of low birth weight; a randomized controlled efficacy trial in India (Mumbai Maternal Nutrition Project)

BACKGROUND: Low birth weight (LBW) is an important public health problem in undernourished populations.OBJECTIVE: We tested whether improving women's dietary micronutrient quality before conception and throughout pregnancy increases birth weight in a high-risk Indian population.DESIGN: The study was a nonblinded, individually randomized controlled trial. The intervention was a daily snack made from green leafy vegetables, fruit, and milk (treatment group) or low-micronutrient vegetables (potato and onion) (control group) from ? 90 d before pregnancy until delivery in addition to the usual diet. Treatment snacks contained 0.69 MJ of energy (controls: 0.37 MJ) and 10-23% of WHO Reference Nutrient Intakes of ?-carotene, riboflavin, folate, vitamin B-12, calcium, and iron (controls: 0-7%). The primary outcome was birth weight.RESULTS: Of 6513 women randomly assigned, 2291 women became pregnant, 1962 women delivered live singleton newborns, and 1360 newborns were measured. In an intention-to-treat analysis, there was no overall increase in birth weight in the treatment group (+26 g; 95% CI: -15, 68 g; P = 0.22). There was an interaction (P &lt; 0.001) between the allocation group and maternal prepregnant body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) [birth-weight effect: -23, +34, and +96 g in lowest (&lt;18.6), middle (18.6-21.8), and highest (&gt;21.8) thirds of BMI, respectively]. In 1094 newborns whose mothers started supplementation ? 90 d before pregnancy (per-protocol analysis), birth weight was higher in the treatment group (+48 g; 95% CI: 1, 96 g; P = 0.046). Again, the effect increased with maternal BMI (-8, +79, and +113 g; P-interaction = 0.001). There were similar results for LBW (intention-to-treat OR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.66, 1.05; P = 0.10; per-protocol OR = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.59, 0.98; P = 0.03) but no effect on gestational age in either analysis.CONCLUSIONS: A daily snack providing additional green leafy vegetables, fruit, and milk before conception and throughout pregnancy had no overall effect on birth weight. Per-protocol and subgroup analyses indicated a possible increase in birth weight if the mother was supplemented ? 3 mo before conception and was not underweight. This trial was registered at www.controlled-trials.com/isrctn/ as ISRCTN62811278<br/

Re-evaluating soil moisture-based drought criteria for rainfed crops in peninsular India

Background: Peninsular India, being completely under the influence of monsoonal climate, suffers crop yield variability due to rainfall distribution-induced soil moisture constraints. Timely and appropriate assessment of this rainfall and soil moisture-induced crop yield variability serves as a key for exemplary relief assistance. Per cent available soil moisture (PASM) is one among several drought declaration indices followed by stakeholders in India for declaration of drought, needs re-evaluation as the existing criteria in unable to capture the yield loss due to ineffective classification of PASM categories. This study attempts to revise the agricultural drought classes by PASM based on relationships established between yield of major rainfed crops of the study region and PASM.Methods: Analysis of yield variability due to PASM was carried out based on long term observations in experiments conducted at five dry farming locations (Akola, Parbhani, Kovilpatti, Ananthapuramu and Bengaluru) of peninsular India. The average yield for each category of PASM was calculated and tabulated for regression analysis. The PASM versus yield in each group was correlated and regression equations were developed if significant positive correlations were established.Results: The range of available soil moisture to obtain at least 50 percent of optimum yield in cereals (maize: 26 and finger millet: 52.9 PASM), pulses (pigeon pea: 37.2 PASM), oilseeds (soybean: 26.8 to 30.5, groundnut: 53.8 to 61.7 PASM) and commercial crops (cotton: 26.3 PASM) was 26–61 percent.Conclusion: The revised PASM-based drought classes (0–50 severe; 51–75 mild and 76–100 no drought) would help in drought declaration and precise identification of drought-hit areas for meaningful relief assistance. However, there is further investigation is needed to include a soil component for further fine-tuning of the criteria

An Embedded Based Web Server Using ARM 9 with SMS Alert System

ABSTRACT: The aim of our project is to develop embedded network video monitoring terminal which is cost effective and efficient video transmission system without latency and jitter. Digitalization network video monitoring system, which has advantages of unlimited distance control, flexible extension and so on, is becoming a new standard of security system. Due to limitations of network bandwidth, video signals collected must be compressed to achieve real-time video transmission on the network. to maintain the high quality of the compressed signal and to minimize the amount of data an embedded network video monitoring terminal consisting of dedicated MPEG-4 compression ,LPC 2148 MICRO CONTROLLER, 32-bit embedded ARM9 processor, network IC (DM 9000),PIR sensor, GSM modem etc. Its corresponding software has been developed. The video captured through the camera is processed and it is transmitted into the internet. The PIR sensor is used to detect the motion present in-front of the camera and it triggers the GSM modem to send the notification to the authorized users. Test results show that our terminal can better utilize TCP/IP network bandwidth

EFFICACY OF VINYASA YOGA WITH AND WITHOUT MANTRA CHANTING ON SELECTED CEREBRO MUSCULAR VARIABLES AMONG CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY

The study was designed to find out the Efficacy of Vinyasa yoga with and without Mantra chanting on selected cerebro muscular variables among cerebral palsy affected children. It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences in cerebro muscular variables such as visual perception and proprioception due to the influences of Vinyasa yoga with and without Mantra chanting. To achieve the purpose of the study, 45 male children with cerebral palsy from Chennai city aged between 8 and 12 years were selected randomly and they were divided into three groups namely Experimental group I, Experimental group II and control groups of 15 subjects each. Experimental Group I underwent practice of Vinyasa yoga with mantra chanting, Experimental Group II underwent practice of Vinyasa yoga without Mantra chanting for the period of 22 weeks, five days per week for the maximum of an hour in the morning. The Control group was not exposed to any specific training but they participated in the regular activities. The pre-test and post-test were conducted before and after the training for all the three groups. The cerebro muscular variables visual perception and proprioception were assessed by the Eye hand coordination and hot cold temperature tests respectively. The data pertaining to the variables collected from the three groups before and after the training period were statistically analyzed by using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to determine the significant difference and tested at 0.05 level of confidence. The results of the study proved that the two experimental groups had significant improvement in visual perception and proprioception due to the influence of Vinyasa yoga practice with and without Mantra chanting than control group. Among the experimental groups Vinyasa yoga with mantra chanting had better significant improvement than Vinyasa yoga without mantra chanting

On the genus of nil-graph of ideals of commutative rings

Let R be a commutative ring with identity and let Nil(R) be the ideal of all nilpotent elements of R. Let I(R)={I:I is a non-trivial ideal of R and there exists a non-trivial ideal J such that IJ⊆Nil(R)}. The nil-graph of ideals of R is defined as the simple undirected graph AGN(R) whose vertex set is I(R) and two distinct vertices I and J are adjacent if and only if IJ⊆ Nil(R). In this paper, we study the planarity and genus of AGN(R). In particular, we have characterized all commutative Artin rings R for which the genus of AGN(R) is either zero or one

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Not AvailableAn agroforestry experiment was conducted with three and a half year old Jatropha curcas plantation at Mettupalayam, Tamil Nadu to find out the optimum spacing of J. curcas for intercropping. The growth characteristics of Jatropha curcas were significantly influenced by different spacings of J. curcas and intercrops. J. curcas recorded highest plant height (310 cm), number of branches (14.66) and crown diameter (342.8 cm) at wider spacing of 4 m x 3 m. Different intercrops also significantly influenced the growth characters of J. curcas. J. curcas at 4 m x 3 m spacing with cowpea recorded the highest plant height (332 cm) and crown diameter (268 cm). The number of branches of J. curcas was also found to be highest at 4 m x 3 m spacing with cowpea (15.7). There was a significant difference in availability of light under different spacings of J. curcas. Maximum light was intercepted at wider spacing of J. curcas (4 m x 3 m), which was 732 x 100 Lux in the morning and 883 x 100 Lux in the afternoon. The study concluded that planting of J. curcas at 4 m x 3 m spacing is beneficial for the growth and development of J. curcasas well as intercrops and legume based intercrops help to increase the growth of J. curcas in agroforestry system.Not Availabl