Effects of Weight Initialization methods on FFN\u27s

Weight initialization is the method of determining starting values of weights in a neural network. The way this method is done can have massive effects on the network[2, 3, 6, 9] and can halt training if not handled properly. On the other hand, if initialization is chosen tactfully it can improve training and accuracy greatly. The initialization method usually called Normalized Xavier will be referred to as Nox in this paper to avoid confusion with the Xavier initialization method. This study analyzes five methods of weight initialization(Nox, He, Xavier, Plutonian, and Self-Root), two of them being new to this study combined with three activation functions(Relu, Swish, and Tanh) and uses two datasets(MNIST[5], US Census 1990[4]). The study compares weight initialization methods using average MSE’s of FFN’s and shows significance by using MannWhitney U p-tests. This study does not provide very many definitive results outside of what is already proven in other studies but does provide a lot of new questions and speculation that can hopefully be answered. The definitive data this study does provide is as follows. While Swish is the activation function for all layers, the Plutonian produces lower error than the He, Nox, and Xavier, and the Xavier produces higher error than any other initialization method with statistical significance. The Self-Root produces higher error than any other initialization method while Tanh is the activation function for all layers. When Relu was the activation function in all layers Nox and He had a very significant statistical similarity. As for speculation, the Plutonian proved to be quite flexible in its use, possibly indicating a low error if used in networks with different activation functions in different layers. The Nox networks with Tanh as an activation performed better on MNIST, which could mean that when Tanh is an activation function more neurons per layer could lead to less error with the Nox

Green Synthesis, Characterization, Antimicrobial and Anticancer Studies of Zirconium Oxide Nanoparticles Using Thyme plant Extract

In this work we used the environmentally friendly method to prepared ZrO2 nanoparticles utilizing the extract of Thyms plant, the ZrO2 NPs was characterized by different techniques such as FTIR, ultraviolet visible, Atomic force microscope, Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Energy dispersive X-ray. The average crystalline size was calculated using the Debye Scherres equation in value 7.65nm. Atomic force microscope results showed the size values for ZrO2 NPs were 45.11nm, and there are several distortions due to the presence of some large sizes. Atomic force microscope results showed the typical size values for ZrO2 NPs were 45.11 nm, and there are several distortions due to the presence of some large sizes, the results of SEM show that values size of particles ZrO2 NPs was 18.70 nm, zirconium oxide nanoparticles are formed in small clusters. Antimicrobial activities have been studied of ZrO2 NPs against one type of positive bacteria such as Bacillus, Klebsiella and Candida fungus in different concentrations, ZrO2NPs showed different effectiveness against these different types of antimicrobials. ZrO2 NPs was studied to inhibit breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). The results showed a high ability of the ZrO2 NPs to inhibit cancer cells

Rare Earth Elements of modern shelf and deep-water articulated brachiopods: evaluation of seawater masses

Modern Rhynchonellids and Tcrcbratulids, obtained from water depths below the neritic zone (>500m) at 23 stations in the Caribbean Sea, North Atlantic, South Pacific and Southern Oceans, were investigated for their rare earth clement (REE) contents (Fig. I, Table I). The ΣREE of shelf (500-I 000 m) or deep-water (> I 000 m) brachiopod populations do not vary significantly between oceans/seas irrespective of water mass origins or influences by major currents

Effects of georeferencing effort on mapping monkeypox case distributions and transmission risk

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Maps of disease occurrences and GIS-based models of disease transmission risk are increasingly common, and both rely on georeferenced diseases data. Automated methods for georeferencing disease data have been widely studied for developed countries with rich sources of geographic referenced data. However, the transferability of these methods to countries without comparable geographic reference data, particularly when working with historical disease data, has not been as widely studied. Historically, precise geographic information about where individual cases occur has been collected and stored verbally, identifying specific locations using place names. Georeferencing historic data is challenging however, because it is difficult to find appropriate geographic reference data to match the place names to. Here, we assess the degree of care and research invested in converting textual descriptions of disease occurrence locations to numerical grid coordinates (latitude and longitude). Specifically, we develop three datasets from the same, original monkeypox disease occurrence data, with varying levels of care and effort: the first based on an automated web-service, the second improving on the first by reference to additional maps and digital gazetteers, and the third improving still more based on extensive consultation of legacy surveillance records that provided considerable additional information about each case. To illustrate the implications of these seemingly subtle improvements in data quality, we develop ecological niche models and predictive maps of monkeypox transmission risk based on each of the three occurrence data sets.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We found macrogeographic variations in ecological niche models depending on the type of georeferencing method used. Less-careful georeferencing identified much smaller areas as having potential for monkeypox transmission in the Sahel region, as well as around the rim of the Congo Basin. These results have implications for mapping efforts, as each higher level of georeferencing precision required considerably greater time investment.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The importance of careful georeferencing cannot be overlooked, despite it being a time- and labor-intensive process. Investment in archival storage of primary disease-occurrence data is merited, and improved digital gazetteers are needed to support public health mapping activities, particularly in developing countries, where maps and geographic information may be sparse.</p

Retrospective Analysis of Monkeypox Infection

Tests have been developed and optimized for serologic differentiation between monkeypox- and vaccinia-induced immunity

Biofuel From Cow Tallow: A Case Study

The global demand for energy in recent decade has been dramatic. Indeed, several oil and gas reservoirs around the world are depleted every day. Moreover, the fossil fuels for example, petroleum emitted huge quantities of toxic gases to the environment. Therefore, the passive environmental consequences of fossil fuels and the bother about fossil fuel supplies have encouraged the investigation for renewable biofuels. Thus, this work is objective to produce a biodiesel fuel from residual cow tallow that produced every day at Koya city slaughterhouse. The Koya slaughterhouse cow tallow may consider low cost renewable feed stock to produce biodiesel. Furthermore, the study has examined various process parameters for example, catalyst amount and alcohol amount as well on fuel production yield. The produced biodiesel is also subjected into several tests for instance, density and cetane number

Ocular Vaccinia Infection in Laboratory Worker, Philadelphia, 2004

We report a case of ocular vaccinia infection in an unvaccinated laboratory worker. The patient was infected by a unique strain used in an experiment performed partly outside a biosafety cabinet. Vaccination should continue to be recommended, but laboratories with unvaccinated workers should also implement more stringent biosafety practices

On Neutrosophic Crisp Semi Alpha Closed Sets

In this paper, we present another concept of neutrosophic crisp generalized closed sets called neutrosophic crisp semi alpha-closed sets and study their fundamental properties

Serologic evidence of human orthopoxvirus infections in Sierra Leone

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Orthopoxviruses, including variola virus, vaccinia virus, and monkeypox virus, have previously been documented in humans in West Africa, however, no cases of human orthopoxvirus infection have been reported in the region since 1986. We conducted a serosurvey to determine whether human exposure to orthopoxviruses continues to occur in eastern Sierra Leone.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>To examine evidence of exposure to orthopoxviruses in the Kenema District of Sierra Leone, we collected and tested sera from 1596 persons by IgG ELISA and a subset of 313 by IgM capture ELISA. Eleven persons born after the cessation of smallpox vaccination had high orthopoxvirus-specific IgG values, and an additional 6 persons had positive IgM responses. No geographic clustering was noted.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>These data suggest that orthopoxviruses continue to circulate in Sierra Leone. Studies aimed at obtaining orthopoxvirus isolates and/or genetic sequences from rodents and symptomatic humans in the area are indicated.</p

Mapping Monkeypox Transmission Risk through Time and Space in the Congo Basin

Monkeypox is a major public health concern in the Congo Basin area, with changing patterns of human case occurrences reported in recent years. Whether this trend results from better surveillance and detection methods, reduced proportions of vaccinated vs. non-vaccinated human populations, or changing environmental conditions remains unclear. Our objective is to examine potential correlations between environment and transmission of monkeypox events in the Congo Basin. We created ecological niche models based on human cases reported in the Congo Basin by the World Health Organization at the end of the smallpox eradication campaign, in relation to remotely-sensed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index datasets from the same time period. These models predicted independent spatial subsets of monkeypox occurrences with high confidence; models were then projected onto parallel environmental datasets for the 2000s to create present-day monkeypox suitability maps. Recent trends in human monkeypox infection are associated with broad environmental changes across the Congo Basin. Our results demonstrate that ecological niche models provide useful tools for identification of areas suitable for transmission, even for poorly-known diseases like monkeypox.This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health grant 1R01TW008859-01 ("Sylvatic Reservoirs of Human Monkeypox"). Use of trade, product, or firm names does not imply endorsement by the United States Government. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention