Summary of the Orbiter mechanical systems

Major mechanical systems of the Orbiter space vehicle are summarized with respect to general design details, manner of operation, expected performance, and, where applicable, unique features. A synopsis of data obtained during the five atmospheric flight tests of spacecraft OV-101 and status of the systems for the first orbital spacecraft STS-1 are presented

Mainstreaming Equality in Federal Budgeting: Addressing Educational Inequities With Regard to the States

Great Society reformers targeted poverty as the defining characteristic for a novel federal education policy in the United States in 1965. Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), reincarnated within the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, distributes financial aid to disadvantaged students within public schools solely based upon students’ socioeconomic status. This Article does not dispute that financial resources improve student outcomes, but this Article argues that Title I’s funding formula is ineffective, and a new funding scheme – specifically, a mainstreaming equality funding scheme – must replace it. The implementation of this funding scheme will require Congress to acknowledge that poverty in the United States is not a mere set of behaviors and attitudes but is intricately linked to race and class. Mainstreaming equality schemes require that public bodies assess the impact of their policies on equality of opportunity and monitor any adverse impact on the promotion of equality of opportunity. This Article describes how such a scheme would address disparities among students. Second, this Article argues that Congress should define beneficiary groups based on characteristics additional to socioeconomic status, including measures of cultural isolation and local tax revenue contributed to public education. Third, this Article establishes that a federal mainstreaming school funding scheme based on “layered disadvantage” and its multiplicative effects will both acknowledge and address long-time, covered attitudes about race, poverty and privilege in the United States and the ways in which those attitudes continue to enforce a paralyzed outcome, especially for African American students within public schools. Finally, by examining mainstreaming equality models implemented in the European Union, this Article considers in detail the methodology for conducting mainstreaming equality within a federal school funding scheme as implemented by Congress with respect to the individual states

Concanavalin A-Binding Enzymes of Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus Venom

Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus crude venom was separated into two fractions by Concanavalin A Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography. The proteins binding to Con A exhibited phosphomonoesterase (orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase EC 3.1.3.2), phosphodiesterase, 5\u27-nucleotidase (5\u27-ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase EC 3.1.3.5), phospholipase A(phosphatidate 2-acylhydrolase EC 3.1.1 .4), hyaluronidase (hyaluronate glycanohydrolase EC 3.2.1 d), N-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl esterase, p-toluenesulfonyl-L-arginine methyl esterase, L-amino acid oxidase (L-amino acid: 02 oxidoreductase [deaminating] EC 1.4.3.2), and caseinolytic activities. Thrombin-like and NAD nucleosidase (5\u27-ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase EC 3.1.3.5) activities were not observed. The crude venom and the fraction containing the glycoproteins which bound to Con A were fractionated by DEAE Sephadex A-50 ion exchange chromatography. Each of these samples yielded fractions having caseinolytic activities

Concanavalin A-Nonbinding Enzymes of Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus Venom

Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus crude venom was separated into two fractions by Concanavalin A Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography. The Concanavalin A-nonbinding fraction (F-l) exhibited phosphomonoesterase (orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase EC 3.1 .3.2), phosphodiesterase, 5 \u27-nucleotidase (5 \u27-ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase EC 3.1.3.5), phospholipase A (phosphatidate 2-acylhydrolase EC 3.1.1.4), hyaluronidase (hyaluronate glycanohydrolase EC 3.2.1.d), N-benzoyl-Larginine ethyl esterase, p-toluenesulfonyl-L-arginine methyl esterase, L-amino acid oxidase (L-amino acid: O2 oxidoreductase [deaminating] EC 1.4.3.2), and caseinolytic activities. Thrombin-like and NAD nucleosidase (5 \u27-ribonudeotide phosphohydrolase EC 3.1.3.5) activities were not observed. DEAE Sephadex A-50 ion exchange chromatography by two stage elution of F-l yielded several fractions having proteinase activities. Proteinase activity was observed in the latter fractions of the first elution and in the fractions of the second elution

Radio science measurements of atmospheric refractivity with Mars Global Surveyor

Radio occultation experiments with Mars Global Surveyor measure the refractive index of the Martian atmosphere from the surface to ~250 km in geopotential height. Refractivity is proportional to neutral density at low altitudes and electron density at high altitudes, with a transition at ~75 km. We use weighted least squares to decompose zonal refractivity variations into amplitudes and phases for observed wave numbers k=1-4 over the entire altitude range and use the results to analyze atmospheric structure and dynamics. The data set consists of 147 refractivity profiles acquired in December 2000 at summer solstice in the Martian northern hemisphere. The measurements are at an essentially fixed local time (sunrise) and at latitudes from 67deg to 70degN. Thermal tides appear to be responsible for much of the observed ionospheric structure from 80 to 220 km. Tides modulate the neutral density, which in turn, controls the height at which the ionosphere forms. The resulting longitude-dependent vertical displacement of the ionosphere generates distinctive structure in the fitted amplitudes, particularly at k=3, within plusmn50 km of the electron density peak height. Our k=3 observations are consistent with an eastward propagating semidiurnal tide with zonal wave number 1. Relative to previous results, our analysis extends the characterization of tides to altitudes well above and below the electron density peak. In the neutral atmosphere, refractivity variations from the surface to 50 km appear to arise from stationary Rossby waves. Upon examining the full vertical range, stationary waves appear to dominate altitudes below ~75 km, and thermal tides dominate altitudes above this transition region

Potencialidade do carater folha estreita em soja tipo vegetal.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar as vantagens e desvantagens do carater folha estreita em tipos vegetais de soja e estudar seus efeitos em fatores associados com o rendimento. Seis pares de genotipos com folhas largas e estreitas foram testadas em 1982, e outros seis pares de linhas quase isogenicas, diferindo na forma da folha, foram estudadas em 1983. Quanto ao rendimento, os genotipos com folha larga e estreita nao apresentaram diferencas significativas, em 1982 e 1983. Os genotipos com folha estreita, no entanto, apresentaram 8% mais sementes por vagem e sementes 6% menores, em 1983. Estas diferencas cancelaram uma a outra resultando num mesmo peso de sementes por vagem. Portanto nao ha nenhuma vantagem para qualquer um dos dois tipos de folhas, quanto ao rendimento e eficiencia de debulha manual. Nos dois anos, os genotipos com folhas estreitas apresentaram menor indice de area foliar (IAF) no estadio vegetativo, o que nao ocorreu no estadio reprodutivo. Em 1983, no estadio vegetativo (V7-V9), o IAF dos genotipos com folhas estreitas foi 14% menor, mas no estadio reprodutivo (R4-R5), o IAF foi somente 7% menor e estatisticamente igual aos genotipos de folha larga. Esta reducao na diferenca de IAF, em R4-R5 pode ser devido a retencao de 11% mais folhas no caule dos genotipos com folha estreita, como resultado de uma melhor distribuicao de luz penetrando atraves da planta e principalmente sobre as folhas inferiores

Examining How Public Relations Practitioners Actually Are Using Social Media

The international survey of public relations practitioners (n=574) reported about in this article appears to be the world’s first extensive examination of how social media are being implemented in public relations practice. In addition to measuring how social media are being employed in the practice of public relations, this study also explores actual social media use by individual public relations practitioners. Results suggest meaningful and statistically significant gaps exist between what practitioners say is happening in terms of social media use and what they say should be happening. When subjects were asked how important various social media are in the overall public relations efforts of their organizations, respondents listed search engine marketing most important followed in importance by blogs, social networks, video sharing and forums or message boards. When asked how important the same list of social media options should be responses didn’t do much to change the perceived order of importance, but mean scores and the overall perceived importance of all of the measured items are much higher when subjects are asked what should be happening in terms of social media use than they are when the question asks what actually is happening. Differences based upon demographics found younger respondents were more likely to recommend using social media in public relations. They also were more likely to use social media and other Internet-based technologies in their daily pursuit of news and information

An Analysis of New Communications Media Use in Public Relations: Results of a Five-Year Trend Study

This article provides the fifth annual report about an international, longitudinal trend study examination of the social media and other aspects of the new technologies are having on public relations practice. Results strongly suggest the new communications media are having a dramatic impact on public relations. As has been the case with each year of this trend study, results show considerably more agreement in some areas than was the case in previous years. This year’s study reports that 85 percent of the public relations practitioners surveyed believe new communications media have changed the way organizations communicate. Findings continue to suggest these changes are more prominent in external than internal communications. Most (99%) of this year’s respondents claim to spend part of their typical day working with some aspects of new communications new media. Results continue to show that traditional news media receive higher scores than blogs and social media in terms of accuracy, credibility, telling the truth and being ethical. Although there was very strong agreement (greater than 90%) that public relations practitioners should research and measure the impact new communications media are having on public relations campaigns, only a small number (38% in 2010) actually are conducting this kind of research

Tracking How Social and Other Digital Media are Being Used in Public Relations Practice: A Twelve-Year Study

This paper reports on the results of a twelve-year longitudinal analysis trend study involving more than 5,500 public relations practitioners. Findings have found that the use of social and other digital communication media in public relations practice has continued to increase each year. This has provided unique opportunities not only for those who practice public relations but also for a wide variety of strategic publics who have been given dynamic new communication vehicles many are using effectively with a variety of internal and external strategic audiences. Results of this 2017 study include benchmark comparisons reflecting the opinions of those who practice public relations – and an analysis of how these opinions have changed during the past twelve years. During the past five years results have highlighted the increasing use of Facebook and Twitter in public relations practice. That’s the case once again in 2017 with Facebook increasing its lead over Twitter as the most used social medium in the public relations industry. The paper also reports on the monitoring and managing of social and digital media in organizations, how much time public relations practitioners spend working with social and digital media and how social and digital media use in public relations is being measured