Victorian Representations of Mary, Queen of Scots and Elizabeth I

The rivalry of Mary, Queen of Scots and her English cousin Elizabeth I is a storied one that has consumed both popular and historical imaginations since the two queens reigned in the sixteenth century. It is often portrayed as a tale of contrasts: on one end, Gloriana with her fabled red hair and virginity, the bastion of British culture and Protestant values, valiantly defending England against the schemes of the Spanish and their Armada. On the other side is Mary, Queen of Scots, the enchanting and seductive French-raised Catholic, whose series of tragic, murderous marriages gave birth to both the future James I of England and to schemes surrounding the English throne. Elizabeth gave the order for Mary’s execution in 1587 after discovery of her complicity in a plot to assassinate the Virgin Queen. Since that moment, the cousins have been depicted in text, song, story, and image, always haunted by the shadow of the other. Representations of the rival queens Mary, Queen of Scots, and Elizabeth I intensified in number in the early Victorian period in Great Britain as another queen, Victoria, took the throne in 1837. These representations, part of the cultural dialogue surrounding women and their place in the world, particularly the idea of women’s queenship in the domestic sphere, are both flattering and derogatory towards their subjects. This conflict in representation is itself reflective of Victorian gender and political concerns as Victoria married, had children, and was widowed. Representations of the two 16th –century monarchs serve to either critique or approve the 19th-century Queen Victoria. The contrast between portrayals of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Elizabeth I offer a unique insight into Victorian conceptions of gender and women’s roles in the political and private life of the British nation in the period from the 1820s to the 1890s

Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.Peer reviewe

Co-Simulation of HDL Using Python and MATLAB Over Tcl TCP/IP Socket in Xilinx Vivado and Modelsim Tools

This paper presents the solution, which helps in the simulation and verification of the implementation of the Digital Signal Processing (DSP) algorithms written in hardware description language (HDL). Many vendor tools such as Xilinx ISE/Vivado or Mentor Graphics ModelSim are using Tcl as an application programming interface. The main idea of the co-simulation is to use the Tcl TCP/IP socket, which is Tcl build in feature, as the interface to the simulation tool. Over this interface the simulation is driven by the external tool. The stimulus vectors as well as the model and verification are implemented in Python or MATLAB and the data with simulator is exchanged over dedicated protocol. The tool, which was called cosimtcp, was developed in Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY). The tool is a set of scripts that provide a set of functions. This tool has been successfully used to verify many DSP algorithms implemented in the FPGA chips of the Low Level Radio Frequency (LLRF) and synchronization systems of the European X-Ray Free Electron Laser (E-XFEL) accelerator. Cosimtcp is an open source available tool

Phase and Amplitude Drift Calibration of the RF Detectors in FELs LLRF Systems

One of the key components of Low-Level RF systems (LLRF) in Free Electron Lasers (FELs) is the RF field detector that converts the detected cavity field signal to an intermediate frequency (IF) for digital sampling. Temperature and humidity changes cause amplitude and phase drifts of the RF field detectors. These drifts significantly limit the LLRF system precision and they cannot be corrected automatically by digital control loops based on standard signals. The paper presents a subsystem which measure exact values of these drifts and provides opportunities for their calibration. For that purpose, a special Drift Calibration Module (DCM) has been designed which cooperates with the microTCA for physics (MTCA.4) based LLRF system. A method of the calibration, the DCM hardware and firmware overview are presented. Laboratory and in-operation results are demonstrated as well

Implementing a ReboT Server on a Microblaze

Data acquisition over an IP network is convenient for diagnostics, monitoring and control applications. The ReboT protocol (Register Based Access Over TCP) extends the MTCA4U deviceaccess framework, letting it access supported hardware over TCP/IP. Using ReboT, the Python and Matlab bindings provided by the framework give application developers a convenient way to access hardware over the network. The poster discusses the server side implementation of ReboT on a Microblaze soft core. We present our experience implementing the code on the Microblaze using FreeRTOS and the Netconn API of the LWIP stack. We also compare network performance against an implementation realized using the Xilinx kernel and the socket API of the LWIP stack

MTCA.4-Based Digital LLRF Control System for CW SRF Linacs

The stable and reproducible photon generation at Free Electron Lasers (FELs) requires a high-precision radio frequency (RF) regulation of the accelerating fields inside the cavities. High average power can be achieved by operation in continuous wave (CW) mode, which minimizes Lorentz force detuning effects in superconducting resonant structures leaving microphonics and noise as the main sources of distortions. Solid state amplifiers (SSAs) are reliable and maintainable high power sources for such kind of facilities. This paper describes the architecture of the low level radio frequency (LLRF) control system based on Micro-Telecommunications Computing Architecture (MTCA.4) platform developed by the PCIIndustrial Computer Manufacturers Group (PICMG). This architecture offers manageability, reliability, and scalability which are crucial for high energy physics experiments. The hardware modules such as digitizer, down-converter (DWC), or vector modulator(VM) have been adopted from multi-channel, vector sum based systems and optimized. The field detection scheme utilizes the analog frequency shifting to an intermediate frequency (IF). Analog-to-digital conversion, and digital complex frequency down-conversion, is applied. The firmware has been optimized for minimal latency and includes programmable filters, the fast proportional-integral (PI) controller for real-time suppression of distortions, set-point and feed-forward tables, and the data acquisition module. The software communicates with the firmware, reads waveforms for diagnostic purposes, and abstracts hardware and firmware settings for the paneling system.The system design process and important parameter value selection criteria are presented. The noise contribution of hardware subcomponents and other limitations of the field detection are analyzed. The digital signal processing path is split into atomic operations and inquired. The potential instability of the feedback loop due to unwanted fundamental modes of the TESLA type cavity is examined. Proposals of future developments are given, including a two-tone calibration, drift calibration, and beam based feedbacks

DEMONSTRATION OF AN ATCA BASED RF CONTROL SYSTEM AT FLASH

Future rf control systems will require simultaneous data acquisition of up to 100 fast ADC channels at sampling rates of around 100 MHz and real time signal processing within a few hundred nanoseconds. At the same time the standardization of Low-Level RF systems are common objectives for all laboratories for cost reduction, performance optimization and machine reliability. Also desirable are modularity and scalability of the design as well as compatibility with accelerator instrumentation needs including the control system. All these requirements can be fulfilled with the new telecommunication standard ATCA when adopted to the domain of instrumentation. We describe the architecture and design of an ATCA based LLRF system for the European XFEL. The operation of a prototype capable of controlling the vectorsum of 24-cavities and providing measurements of forward and reflected power are presented