FORMULATION AND OPTIMIZATION AND IN VITRO CHARACTERIZATION OF OLANZAPINE LIPOSOME

Objective: Olanzapine (OZ) is a thioeno benzodiazepine class second-generation or atypical antipsychotic that selectively binds to central dopamine D2 and serotonin (5-HT2c) receptors used for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The present paper is aimed at developing an optimized liposome-loaded OZ as an approach for brain targeting through the nasal route for effective therapeutic management of schizophrenia. Methods: The OZ liposomes were prepared by the thin-film hydration method. Various independent variable such as phospholipid, cholesterol and sonication time was optimized by using Design-Expert® Software to obtain the dependent variables of entrapment efficiency, vesicle size and zeta potential. The optimized formulation was predicted based on the response obtained by the point prediction method. Results: The entrapment efficiency of the formulation was range between 72.9 and 85.1 %. The average particle size of all the 15 experimental runs lies between the minimum and maximum values of the size 258.33 to 325.32 nm, respectively. The zeta potential ranges from-27.53 to-11.46 mV. The optimized formulation for characterized for its morphology by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). In vitro release studies of OZ-loaded liposomal formulation was carried by dialysis sac method using pH 7.4 phosphate buffer (PBS) as a medium. The maximum release was found to be 98.43±1.2 % up to 24 h. The R2 zero-order kinetics and Korsmeyer-Peppas model was found to be 0.9919 and 0.9664, respectively. The zero-order shows the best-fit model with a highest R2 value exhibiting better correlation and the ‘n’ value was also found to be 0.85; indicating both diffusion-controlled and swelling-controlled drug release that is anomalous transport. Conclusion: The results, clearly states that the prepared formulations justify the parameters and OZ might be a suitable candidate to target the brain through nasal delivery

Moisture Dependent Physical Properties of Black gram

Physical properties of Black gram are important during harvesting, cleaning and drying with machines and also during improvement of these machines. This study was conducted to evaluate some moisture-dependent physical properties of Black gram namely, grain dimensions, thousand grain mass, surface area, sphericity, bulk density, true density, porosity and angle of repose. As the moisture content increased from 8.696% to 21.951% d.b., the three axial dimensions of the Black gram increased and the arithmetic and geometric mean diameter ranged from 3.736 ± 0.14 to 4.276 ± 0.14 mm and 3.797 ± 0.13 to 4.322 ± 0.13 mm respectively. The hundred grain mass of Black gram were 42.52 ± 1.03 and 48.18 ± 0.45 kg. The sphericity values of Black gram increased from 79.69% to 82.82%. The bulk and true densities values for Black gram decreased with increase in moisture content. The porosity and angle of repose of Black gram increased from 38.06 to 42.60% and 28.4 to 32.2° respectively with increase in moisture content from 8.696% to 21.951% d.b

Thin layer and deep bed drying basic theories and modelling: a review

A comprehensive review of the fundamental theories governing the drying process is presented. The development of models of drying of agricultural products for thin layer and deep bed drying are discussed. The factors affecting drying and the biochemical changes which happen during drying are listed. Importance of moisture diffusion and activation energy consumption for modeling and optimizing the drying processes are highlighted

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Not AvailableKeeping leadership in food and food processing industry, We have to work with nanotechnology and nano-bio-info in the future. The markets are changing already. Tomorrow we will design food by shaping molecules and atoms. The nanofood market is expected to surge from 2.6 bn. US dollars today to 7.0 bn. US dollars in 2006 and to 20.4 bn. US dollars in 2010. More than 200 Companies around the world are today active in research and development. USA is the leader followed by Japan and China. By 2015 Asian with more than 50 percent of the worldpopulation will be the biggest market for Nanofood with the leading of China. Nanotechnology can be applied to packaging (nanocomposites), controlled delivery systems (nanoencapsulation), and to develop nanodevices (nanosensors) for detection at molecular level. The demand for eco friendly nanocomposite films is in worldwide, since it can provide enhanced gas and moisture barrier properties, increased stiffness with lighter weight, strength and thermal stability. In mechanical terms, nanocomposites differ from conventional composite materialsdue to the exceptionally high surface to volume ratio of the reinforcing phase and its exceptionally high aspect ratio. Nano packaging can also be designed to release antimicrobials, antioxidants, enzymes, flavours and neutraceuticals to extend the shelf life of food products. On the other side, with technology of manipulating the molecules and the atoms of food, the future food industry has a powerful method to design food with much more capability and precision, lower costs and sustainability. Thus nanotechnology has a high potential to modernize the food industry.Not Availabl

GC/MS Determination of Bioactive Components of Murraya koenigii

Abstract: In this study, the bioactive components of Murraya koenigii leaves have been evaluated using GC/MS. The chemical compositions of the ethanol extract of Murraya koenigii were investigated using Perkin-Elmer Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, while the mass spectra of the compounds found in the extract was matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. GC/MS analysis of ethanol extract of Murraya koenigii revealed the existence of 1-Methyl-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (69.00%), Ethyl à-dglucopyranoside (13.36%), Isolongifolene, 4,5-dehydro-(3.68%), ç-HIMACHALENE (2.88%), 1,2-Ethanediol, monoacetate (2.79%) 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester (2.55%). The results of this study offer a platform of using Murraya koenigii as herbal alternative for the current synthetic antimicrobial agents

Effect of Microwave Treatment on Dehulling of Pigeon Pea

Dehulling of pulses is an energy intensive operation, also associated with significant product losses. In the present study, microwave energy was examined as an alternative pre-milling treatment for pigeon pea. Response surface methodology (RSM) based central composite design was used to study the effect of the independent variables (microwave power and exposure time) on the dehulling parameters. The process parameters showed significant effects on various dehulling parameters (per cent dehulled whole and splits, un-dehulled whole and splits, fines/ broken, powder and hulls). Highest dehulling efficiency and lowest loss were observed for a microwave treatment at 630 W for 90 s. With the rising market demand for pulses, microwave energy can prove to be a profitable pretreatment technique for dehulling of pigeon pea

Resistance to Airflow through Bulk Grains, Oilseeds and Other Agricultural Products – A Review

Stored grain bulks are man-made ecosystems subject to incessant interactions among several biotic and abiotic factors. Temperature and moisture are of prime concern which can be manipulated to preserve grains through aeration and drying systems. To properly design these systems, there is a need to understand the relationship between resistance to airflow through different bulk grains (expressed as pressure drop per unit length) and airflow. The paper outlines the factors that affect the resistance to airflow, and highlights the scope of mathematical modelling in this context. Recent advancements and future research needs have been highlighted

Determination of Main Constituents in Green Gram Using Near- Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging

For the determination of main constituents, grain research laboratories around the world are using age old techniques which are time consuming, cost intensive, and sample destructive. In the present study, an attempt was made to investigate the feasibility of near-infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging for predicting moisture, protein, and starch content in green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek). Images of green gram were obtained using a NIR hyperspectral imaging system in the wavelength region of 960-1700 nm at 10 nm intervals. Seventy five NIR reflectance intensities were extracted from each of the scanned images and were used in the development of prediction models. Ten-factor partial least squares regression (PLSR) and principal components regression (PCR) models were developed using a ten-fold cross validation for prediction. Prediction performances of PLSR and PCR models were assessed by calculating the estimated mean square errors of prediction (MSEP), standard error of cross-validation (SECV), and correlation coefficient (r). Overall, PLSR models demonstrated better prediction performances than the PCR models for predicting moisture, protein, and starch content of green gram. Based on β-coefficient values of the PLSR method, wavelengths regions of 1180-1220 and 1320-1360 nm; 960-980 and 1100-1110; and 1050-1100, 1230-1360, and 1400-1450 nm could be used in future inline inspection for predicting moisture content, protein, and starch content of green gram, respectively in multi-spectral imaging systems

Simulation and Validation of Airflow Distribution Patterns in Bins Filled with Canola

A non-linear model that can explain three dimensional airflow pressure patterns in bins filled with canola was developed using the finite element method. Resistance to airflow through the porous matrix (canola) was described using a modified form of Darcy’s equation. The airflow model was validated against experimental data obtained from studies conducted in a flat bottom bin of 4.6 m diameter containing‘Tobin’ canola, aerated using a fully perforated floor. The average relative error between the experimental and predicted values for the entire bin geometry was 1.8 per cent. Relative error values decreased with increasing grain bed height and bin diameter. The airflow pressure patterns resulting from eight other duct configurations were simulated. The model can be used to predict the airflow distribution in various grain beds and has the capability to handle variations in product type, moisture content, foreign material content, direction of airflow and aeration duct designs