152 research outputs found
Active tectonics of the Lower Rhine Graben (NW Central Europe)
Identification of active seismogenic faults in low-strain intraplate regions is a major challenge. The understanding of intraplate earthquakes is hampered by the spatiotemporal scattering of large earthquakes and by barely detectable strain accumulation. In populated humid regions, both hillslope and anthropogenic processes are important challenges to the recognition of potentially active faults.
The Lower Rhine Graben is the NW segment of the European Cenozoic Rift System. It is a prime example of a seismically active low-strain rift situated in a humid and densely populated region. The approximate location of potentially active fault segments in this region is well known, but knowledge of the recurrence of large earthquakes and of the dominant fault slip mode is still rudimentary. The current debate ranges from slip dominated by repeated large earthquakes to slip dominated by aseismic creep.
The purpose of this thesis is to determine whether the Lower Rhine Graben is an exception to the usually observed deformational behaviour of the upper crust, whereby active faults fail by brittle behaviour. The thesis addresses the Holocene, historical and present-day tectonic activity of the Lower Rhine Graben. It examines the signs of coseismic deformation in the geological record, and the surface expression of active fault segments. I analyzed high-resolution LiDAR terrain models of segments of the Erft and Wissersheimer faults, in order to understand the preservation potential of active fault scarps in populated, humid settings. Results of the LiDAR analysis illustrate that the central part of the Lower Rhine Graben is characterized by severe degradation and modification of suspected seismogenic structures. Degradation is due to fluvial erosion, hillslope processes and anthropogenic overprint. This analysis shows, also for the first time, the severity of surface modification of the region resulting from aerial bombing during World War II.
A large trench excavation at the Schafberg fault in Holocene sediments yielded a broadly distributed fault zone with a peculiar abundance of fractured clasts. A particular question at this site is whether or not the fault ruptured in the 1756 AD Düren event. The excavation reveals the first evidence of historical seismogenic faulting in the Lower Rhine Graben. Coseismic deformation at this site is expressed by a net vertical displacement of 1 ± 0.2 m and complex gravel fracturing. Analysis of the faulted strata and radiocarbon ages of event horizons reveal evidence of at least one, possibly two coseismic events since the Holocene. The youngest of them overlaps with the 1756 AD Düren earthquake. The complex deformation pattern in the trench included a range of features such as liquefaction, rotated, and fractured clasts in the fault zone. I developed a new analysis technique based on “fractured-clasts”, which allows insight into coseismic rupture and fracture processes in unconsolidated gravel deposits.
Results of this paleoseismic study show that faults in the Lower Rhine Graben do not move dominantly by aseismic creep. They further support the observation that faults in low-strain intraplate rifts can produce large surface-breaking earthquakes. The results of this thesis further imply that specific patterns of fractured clasts in fault zones may be a detector of coseismic rupture, and could in principle be used to calculate the energy involved in the rupture process.In der Erdbebengeologie stellt die Identifizierung und Charakterisierung von seismogenen Strukturen in Intraplattenregionen mit niedrigen Deformationsraten eine große Herausforderung dar. Die stark variable, räumliche und zeitliche Verteilung von großen Erdbeben sowie kaum mit geodätischen Messmethoden erfassbare Verformungsraten erschweren das Verständnis von Intraplattenbeben. In dicht besiedelten, humiden Gebieten sind potenziell aktive Störungen noch schwerer zu erkennen, da diese, durch Hangprozesse und anthropogene Überprägung, intensiven Veränderungen unterworfen sind.
Die Niederrheinische Bucht, das nordwestliche Segment des Europäischen Känozoischen Graben Systems, ist ein erstklassiges Beispiel für ein seismisch aktives Intraplattenrift in einem humiden und dicht besiedelten Gebiet. Obwohl die Lokationen potenziell aktiver Störungen bekannt sind, ist die Kenntnis bezüglich der Rekurrenzintervalle von großen Erdbeben sowie der Art der Störungsbewegungen nach wie vor rudimentär. Die derzeitige Debatte reicht von Störungsbewegungen durch starke Erdbeben, bis hin zu aseismischem Kriechen.
Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es zu klären, ob der Niederrheingraben eine Ausnahme in Bezug auf das grundsätzlich beobachtete Deformationsverhalten der oberen Kruste darstellt, wo aktive Störungen durch sprödes Bruchverhalten charakterisiert sind. Hierbei befasst sich die Studie mit der Holozänen, historischen und heutigen tektonischen Aktivität des Niederrheingrabens und legt den Fokus auf die Erforschung koseismischer Prägung der Geologie sowie der Oberflächenexpression potenziell aktiver Störungen. Es wurden hochauflösende LiDAR-Geländemodelle an Segmenten der Erft- und Wissersheimer Störung in der zentralen Niederrheinischen Bucht untersucht, um das Erhaltungspotenzial aktiver Störungen in besiedelten, humiden Gebieten zu charakerisieren. Die Ergebnisse der LiDAR-Analyse offenbaren, dass seismogene Strukturen im zentralen Teil des Niederrheingrabens starker Degradation und Modifikation unterworfen sind. Hauptursachen hierfür sind fluviatile Erosion, Hangprozesse, sowie anthropogene Überprägung. In dieser Analyse konnte zudem erstmals die Schwere der Oberflächenveränderung in der Region, ausgelöst durch Fliegerbomben aus dem Zweiten Weltkrieg, dargestellt werden.
In einer groß angelegten Schürfgrabenanalyse in Holozänen Sedimenten an der Schafbergstörung, wurde eine breite Deformationszone, die eine auffallend große Anzahl zerbrochener Klasten enthielt, freigelegt. Insbesondere ist es wichtig zu klären, ob diese Störung während des Dürener Bebens von 1756 AD gebrochen ist. Die Ergebnisse der Schürfgrabenanalysen an der Schafbergstörung liefern den ersten Beweis dafür, dass Erdbeben im Niederrheingraben in historischer Zeit die Oberfläche gebrochen haben. An diesem Störungssegment äußert sich die koseismische Deformation durch einen Gesamtversatz von 1 ± 0.2 m und komplexem verbreitetem Brechen von Klasten. Die Analyse mit-verworfener Schichten sowie Radiokarbondatierungen von Ereignishorizonten beweisen mindestens ein, möglicherweise zwei Holozäne koseismische Ereignisse. Das Jüngste der Beiden deckt sich hierbei mit dem Dürener Beben von 1756 AD. In der im Schürfgraben freigelegten Störungszone wurden komplexe Deformationsmuster wie Liquefaktion sowie rotierte und gebrochene Klasten dokumentiert. Basierend auf den gebrochenen Klasten habe ich in meiner Arbeit eine neue Analysetechnik entwickelt, die es ermöglicht, detaillierte Einblicke in koseismische Bruchprozesse in unverfestigten Geröllen zu erhalten.
Die Ergebnisse dieser paläoseismologischen Studie weisen darauf hin, dass Störungen im Niederrheingraben nicht aseismisch kriechen. Darüber hinaus festigen sie die Beobachtung, dass Störungen in Intraplattenrifts mit niedrigen Deformationsraten, in der Lage sind, große Erdbeben mit Oberflächenruptur zu erzeugen.
Die Daten dieser Studie zeigen des Weiteren, dass spezifische Muster gebrochener Klasten in Störungszonen ein möglicher Detektor koseismischer Rupturen sein können und demzufolge zur Energieberechnung des Rupturprozesses genutzt werden können
Multi armed bandits and quantum channel oracles
Multi armed bandits are one of the theoretical pillars of reinforcement
learning. Recently, the investigation of quantum algorithms for multi armed
bandit problems was started, and it was found that a quadratic speed-up is
possible when the arms and the randomness of the rewards of the arms can be
queried in superposition. Here we introduce further bandit models where we only
have limited access to the randomness of the rewards, but we can still query
the arms in superposition. We show that this impedes any speed-up of quantum
algorithms.Comment: 44 page
The climate in climate economics
To analyze climate change mitigation strategies, economists rely on
simplified climate models - climate emulators. We propose a generic and
transparent calibration and evaluation strategy for these climate emulators
that is based on Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 5 (CMIP5). We
demonstrate that the appropriate choice of the free model parameters can be of
key relevance for the predicted social cost of carbon. We propose to use four
different test cases: two tests to separately calibrate and evaluate the carbon
cycle and temperature response, a test to quantify the transient climate
response, and a final test to evaluate the performance for scenarios close to
those arising from economic models. We re-calibrate the climate part of the
widely used DICE-2016: the multi-model mean as well as extreme, but still
permissible climate sensitivities and carbon cycle responses. We demonstrate
that the functional form of the climate emulator of the DICE-2016 model is fit
for purpose, despite its simplicity, but its carbon cycle and temperature
equations are miscalibrated. We examine the importance of the calibration for
the social cost of carbon in the context of a partial equilibrium setting where
interest rates are exogenous, as well as the simple general equilibrium setting
from DICE-2016. We find that the model uncertainty from different consistent
calibrations of the climate system can change the social cost of carbon by a
factor of four if one assumes a quadratic damage function. When calibrated to
the multi-model mean, our model predicts similar values for the social cost of
carbon as the original DICE-2016, but with a strongly reduced sensitivity to
the discount rate and about one degree less long-term warming. The social cost
of carbon in DICE-2016 is oversensitive to the discount rate, leading to
extreme comparative statics responses to changes in preferences
ROBUST PRODUCT DESIGN – INFLUENCING FACTORS ON UPGRADEABLE MODULAR PRODUCTS
In today\u27s VUCA-World it is necessary to consider future requirements to develop change- and future-robust future products, especially regarding the increasing demand for sustainable solutions. In order to address this situation, upgradeability of modular products can be a solution. Considering that elements of modular products are used in several different products and over a long period of time, there is a need to act on this challenge. To uncover areas with a need for action, a systematic literature review on upgradeable and modular products was conducted. After resolving four fields of action and under consideration of the need for sustainable products, another systematic literature review examined the solution space of upgradable modular product architecture. In conclusion, several influencing factors on the upgradeable design of modular products could be identified, which are presented in this work
Towards an understanding of third-order galaxy-galaxy lensing
Third-order galaxy-galaxy lensing (G3L) is a next generation galaxy-galaxy
lensing technique that either measures the excess shear about lens pairs or the
excess shear-shear correlations about lenses. It is clear that these statistics
assess the three-point correlations between galaxy positions and projected
matter density. For future applications of these novel statistics, we aim at a
more intuitive understanding of G3L to isolate the main features that possibly
can be measured. We construct a toy model ("isolated lens model"; ILM) for the
distribution of galaxies and associated matter to determine the measured
quantities of the two G3L correlation functions and traditional galaxy-galaxy
lensing (GGL) in a simplified context. The ILM presumes single lens galaxies to
be embedded inside arbitrary matter haloes that, however, are statistically
independent ("isolated") from any other halo or lens position. In the ILM, the
average mass-to-galaxy number ratio of clusters of any size cannot change. GGL
and galaxy clustering alone cannot distinguish an ILM from any more complex
scenario. The lens-lens-shear correlator in combination with second-order
statistics enables us to detect deviations from a ILM, though. This can be
quantified by a difference signal defined in the paper. We demonstrate with the
ILM that this correlator picks up the excess matter distribution about galaxy
pairs inside clusters. The lens-shear-shear correlator is sensitive to
variations among matter haloes. In principle, it could be devised to constrain
the ellipticities of haloes, without the need for luminous tracers, or maybe
even random halo substructure. [Abridged]Comment: 14 pages, 3 figures, 1 table, accepted by A&A; some
"lens-shear-shear" were falsely "lens-lens-shear
Effects of training and motivation on auditory P300 brain–computer interface performance
Objectives Brain–computer interface (BCI) technology aims at helping end-users with severe motor paralysis to communicate with their environment without using the natural output pathways of the brain. For end-users in complete paralysis, loss of gaze control may necessitate non-visual BCI systems. The present study investigated the effect of training on performance with an auditory P300 multi-class speller paradigm. For half of the participants, spatial cues were added to the auditory stimuli to see whether performance can be further optimized. The influence of motivation, mood and workload on performance and P300 component was also examined.
Methods In five sessions, 16 healthy participants were instructed to spell several words by attending to animal sounds representing the rows and columns of a 5 × 5 letter matrix.
Results 81% of the participants achieved an average online accuracy of ≥70%. From the first to the fifth session information transfer rates increased from 3.72 bits/min to 5.63 bits/min. Motivation significantly influenced P300 amplitude and online ITR. No significant facilitative effect of spatial cues on performance was observed.
Conclusions Training improves performance in an auditory BCI paradigm. Motivation influences performance and P300 amplitude.
Significance The described auditory BCI system may help end-users to communicate independently of gaze control with their environment
Using Multiparametric Cardiac Magnetic Resonance to Phenotype and Differentiate Biopsy-Proven Chronic from Healed Myocarditis and Dilated Cardiomyopathy.
(1) Objectives: To discriminate biopsy-proven myocarditis (chronic vs. healed myocarditis) and to differentiate from dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). (2) Methods: A total of 259 consecutive patients (age 51 ± 15 years; 28% female) who underwent both endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) and CMR in the years 2008-2021 were evaluated. According to right-ventricular EMB results, patients were divided into either chronic (n = 130, 50%) or healed lymphocytic myocarditis (n = 60, 23%) or DCM (n = 69, 27%). The CMR protocol included functional, strain, and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging, T2w imaging, and T2 mapping. (3) Results: Left-ventricular ejection fraction (LV-EF) was higher, and the indexed end-diastolic volume (EDV) was lower in myocarditis patients (chronic: 42%, median 96 mL/m²; healed: 49%, 86 mL/m²) compared to the DCM patients (31%, 120 mL/m²), p < 0.0001. Strain analysis demonstrated lower contractility in DCM patients vs. myocarditis patients, p < 0.0001. Myocarditis patients demonstrated a higher LGE prevalence (68% chronic; 59% healed) than the DCM patients (45%), p = 0.01. Chronic myocarditis patients showed a higher myocardial edema prevalence and ratio (59%, median 1.3) than healed myocarditis (23%, 1.3) and DCM patients (13%, 1.0), p < 0.0001. T2 mapping revealed elevated values more frequently in chronic (90%) than in healed (21%) myocarditis and DCM (23%), p < 0.0001. T2 mapping yielded an AUC of 0.89 (sensitivity 90%, specificity 76%) in the discrimination of chronic from healed myocarditis and an AUC of 0.92 (sensitivity 86%, specificity 91%) in the discrimination of chronic myocarditis from DCM, both p < 0.0001. (4) Conclusions: Multiparametric CMR imaging, including functional parameters, LGE and T2 mapping, may allow differentiation of chronic from healed myocarditis and DCM and therefore help to optimize patient management in this clinical setting
Decoherence produces coherent states: an explicit proof for harmonic chains
We study the behavior of infinite systems of coupled harmonic oscillators as
t->infinity, and generalize the Central Limit Theorem (CLT) to show that their
reduced Wigner distributions become Gaussian under quite general conditions.
This shows that generalized coherent states tend to be produced naturally. A
sufficient condition for this to happen is shown to be that the spectral
function is analytic and nonlinear. For a rectangular lattice of coupled
oscillators, the nonlinearity requirement means that waves must be dispersive,
so that localized wave-packets become suppressed. Virtually all harmonic
heat-bath models in the literature satisfy this constraint, and we have good
reason to believe that coherent states and their generalizations are not merely
a useful analytical tool, but that nature is indeed full of them. Standard
proofs of the CLT rely heavily on the fact that probability densities are
non-negative. Although the CLT generally fails if the probability densities are
allowed to take negative values, we show that a CLT does indeed hold for a
special class of such functions. We find that, intriguingly, nature has
arranged things so that all Wigner functions belong to this class.Comment: Final published version. 17 pages, Plain TeX, no figures. Online at
http://astro.berkeley.edu/~max/gaussians.html (faster from the US), from
http://www.mpa-garching.mpg.de/~max/gaussians.html (faster from Europe) or
from [email protected]
Comparison of eye tracking, electrooculography and an auditory brain-computer interface for binary communication: a case study with a participant in the locked-in state
Background In this study, we evaluated electrooculography (EOG), an eye tracker and an auditory brain-computer interface (BCI) as access methods to augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). The participant of the study has been in the locked-in state (LIS) for 6 years due to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. He was able to communicate with slow residual eye movements, but had no means of partner independent communication. We discuss the usability of all tested access methods and the prospects of using BCIs as an assistive technology.
Methods Within four days, we tested whether EOG, eye tracking and a BCI would allow the participant in LIS to make simple selections. We optimized the parameters in an iterative procedure for all systems.
Results The participant was able to gain control over all three systems. Nonetheless, due to the level of proficiency previously achieved with his low-tech AAC method, he did not consider using any of the tested systems as an additional communication channel. However, he would consider using the BCI once control over his eye muscles would no longer be possible. He rated the ease of use of the BCI as the highest among the tested systems, because no precise eye movements were required; but also as the most tiring, due to the high level of attention needed to operate the BCI.
Conclusions In this case study, the partner based communication was possible due to the good care provided and the proficiency achieved by the interlocutors. To ease the transition from a low-tech AAC method to a BCI once control over all muscles is lost, it must be simple to operate. For persons, who rely on AAC and are affected by a progressive neuromuscular disease, we argue that a complementary approach, combining BCIs and standard assistive technology, can prove valuable to achieve partner independent communication and ease the transition to a purely BCI based approach. Finally, we provide further evidence for the importance of a user-centered approach in the design of new assistive devices
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