Review: Pseudopodzolic soils in Estonian soil cover

In actual review, the main morphological properties of the Pseudopodzolic soils and the principles of their dividing into soil species (identified by soil genesis) and varieties (divided on the base of soil texture) are treated. The compiling of actual review is caused by the fact that Pseudopodzolic soil was elected by the Estonian Soil Science Society for the Estonian year 2018 soil. In the introductory part, the special attention was paid to the problems connected with the naming of these soils. Although the soil introducing is done after Estonian Soil Classification principles, for characterization of soil properties and functioning the qualifiers of WRB are largely used in it. In the work, the two layers of soil (1) the soil humus cover (pro humus form) or humipedon and (2) soil cover or solum as a whole are treated separately. The data on soil properties are presented separately as well for arable and forest soils giving their comparative analysis and dealing with the changes in soil properties in connection with land use change. Substantial part of the work is consecrated (1) to the soil-plant cover and to the Enchytraeidae living in forest soils' humipedon, (2) to the soil productivity and peculiarities of their usage in agriculture and forestry, and (3) to the distribution of Pseudopodzolic soils in Estonian soil cover and to the association of Pseudopodzolic soils with other soil species

Koduõppe vajalikkus linna- ja maaõpetajate hinnangute põhjal

http://tartu.ester.ee/record=b2656494~S1*es

Short communication : humus status of Estonian soil cover and its environment protective management

Saabunud / Received 12.11.2022 ; Aktsepteeritud / Accepted 29.12.2022 ; Avaldatud veebis / Published online 31.12.2022 ; Vastutav autor / Corresponding author: Raimo Kõlli ; [email protected] the framework of the European mission “Soil Deal for Europe” ambitious tasks have been load to the whole European Union and forming its states in the field of carbon management. Departing from pedo- ecological conditions of Estonia, the pros and cons of the European Union's plans about carbon farming are treated. By the principles of pedocentric approach the soil humus status and carbon farming technologies are soil type specifics and should be utilized in the most detailed as possible soil taxonomic unit, for which by Estonian soil classification are soil species and soil varieties. Thanks to gathering during large scale (1:10,000) soil mapping in earlier time data and proceeding later field experiments in Estonia there are relatively good databases on soil humus status for all most dominated soil species and/or varieties by different land use conditions (arable, grass- and forest lands). The main available quantitative characteristics on soil humus status (expressed via carbon) are concentration (g C kg‒1) and superficial densities (Mg C ha‒1) of organic carbon given by soil species and their genetic horizons in above- named third land use conditions. Besides that, these data have been calculated (1) separately for humus cover (humipedons) and subsoil layers and (2) as well in relation to layers with certain thickness (30, 50 and 100 cm). As a qualitative index of humus status, the humus cover types (humus forms) have been elaborated separately for arable soils and for being in natural state soils. As the carbon concentration in arable soils depends mainly on contents of clay particles, watering conditions and calcareous- ness, was possible to elaborate for all dominating arable soils three humus (and carbon) concentration levels: scarce, optimal and excess, which are needed for choice of suitable to soil conditions agro technology. There is a declared serious shortage of knowledge on composition of soil organisms’ societies by soil types and on syn- and autecology of their functioning

Review: Bog soil – Year 2016 Soil of Estonia

The formation of humus profiles in forest ecosystems depends on the soil and plant cover types, and on the flux of falling debris into the soil. The transformation of "fresh organic matter" into humus is mainly performed by soil organisms. Therefore the species composition and abundance of living organisms in humus covers are good indicators in the evaluation of ecosystems functional efficiency and in understanding humus profile forming mechanisms. The abundance, species richness and vertical distribution of microannelids in the humus covers of forest ecosystems were studied in the pedo-ecological conditions of Estonia. The first research area (UA-I, Koorvere) is located in the pine forest of a Rhodococcum site type on a typical podzol with a sandy texture and fresh mor humus cover. UA-II (Kaagvere) is located in a mixed pine-spruce forest of Oxalis site type on a pseudopodzolic soil with a loamy sand on sandy loam texture and fresh moder humus cover. UA-III (Reola) – is in a spruce forest of an Oxalis drained swamp site type on a shallow fen soil with well decomposed peat and a eutrophic peaty humus cover. The mean abundance and species richness of microannelids in the humus covers of these three forest ecosystems (UA I-III) were respectively 17.0, 23.4 and 54.5 (in 103 individuals per m2), while the observed numbers of microannelids species were 1, 7 and 12. The highest number of one species per unit volume (319 individuals per one litre of soil) is characteristic of a moor type forest floor (UA-I) where, of the microannelids, only those in a strong acidity indicator group species Cognettia sphagnetorum were found. In the well decomposed eutrophic peat (UA-III) with the highest volume density (250 individuals L-1) the species found was Hemifridericia parva, which is an indicator of slight acidity, while in the moder type forest floor (UA-II) Enchytronia parva (177 individuals L-1) were found, which are an indicator of moderate acidity

Short communication: Pedoecological regularities of soil cover functioning

Saabunud / Received 16.07.2021 ; Aktsepteeritud / Accepted 21.09.2021 ; Avaldatud veebis / Published online 21.09.2021 ; Vastutav autor / Corresponding author: Raimo Kõlli [email protected] contradictory statements and opinions, which need by the mind of author additional explanation or disentangle are in the work followings: stages in the forming soil covers' humus status; additional carbon sequestration into the soil; discord between consumption and accumulation of soil organic matter; the influence of land use, land-use change and soil tillage on soil humus status; permanent and dynamic properties of soil; the role of agriculture in carbon turnover; degradation of soil fertility; the influence of different components of soil organic matter on soil functioning; pedoecological approach of peat soils; biodiversity and species richness of soils; weediness of agroecosystems; ethical statements concerning land use

Capacity of side-by-side and rotary milking parlours

Bakalaureusetöö Tehnika ja tehnoloogia õppekavalKäesolevas töös uuritakse paralleel- ja karusselllüpsiplatside jõudlust. Töö koostamisel kogutakse andmeid kolmest erinevast farmist. Vaadeldakse kahte paralleel- ja kahte karussellplatsi. Võrreldakse erinevaid lüpsiplatse ja selgitatakse välja platside jõudlus. Uuritakse lüpsiprotseduuri elementide kestvust ja omapärasid ning koostatakse nende näitajate põhjal illustreerivad graafikud ning tabelid. Lüpsiprotseduuri kestvuse määravad lüpsja, masina ja lüpsja ning ainult masina tehtud elemendid. Elemendid moodustavad tsükli, millest olenebki lüpsiplatsi jõudlus. Töö lõpus antakse soovitusi lüpsiplatsi jõudluse tõstmiseks ja üksikute elementide ajakulu vähendamiseks.The purpose of this Bachelor's thesis is to study the capacity and performance of side-byside and rotary milking parlours. The data for this research has been collected by observation from three different farms in Estonia. Two side-by-side and two rotary milking parlour performance has been observed and their capacity has been analysed. Duration and features of different milking process elements have been studied and illustrated with charts and figures. The duration of milking procedure is determined by the elements carried out by milker, milker together with milking equipment and automated technology. These elements form a cycle that affect the capacity of the milking parlour. There are suggestions to improving the capacity and performance of milking parlours at the end of this study

Review: The Estonian Soil of Year 2019 is fen soil

ArticleSaabunud / Received 30.05.2019 ; Aktsepteeritud / Accepted 10.06.2019 ; Avaldatud veebis / Published online 14.06.2019 ; Vastutav autor / Corresponding author: Raimo Kõlli e-mail: [email protected] the Estonian Soil Sciences Society for the Year 2014 Soils the Leached soils, for 2015 – Limestone rendzinas, for 2016 – Bog soils, for 2017 – Typical podzols, for 2018 – Pseudopodzolic soils, and for 2019 – Fen soils (M) were elected. As the Year Soil of 2019 was not previously introduced in the Journal of Agricultural Science, in the actual overview was necessary to treat their classification, ecological conditions of their forming and functioning, hydro-physical and ecological properties, association of them with other soil species, distribution and conversion their names into WRB system. In the review, the main morphological properties of fen soils and the principles of their dividing into soil species (identified by soil genesis) and varieties (divided on basis of peat decomposition stage) are treated. Besides that, the fen soils' productivity, peculiarities of their paludification processes, distribution in Estonia and the data about their chemical properties are presented. In the overview, as well, the estimations of organic carbon stocks and assessments of annual organic carbon fluxes in peaty soil cover are presented and discussed. In the final part, the problems connected with environmentally sustainable use in agriculture and forestry and protection of fen soils are treated

Technosols in Estonian soil classification: nomenclature, establishment and differences-similarities with normally developed soils

Saabunud: 22.05.2022 Received: Aktsepteeritud: 07.06.2022 Accepted: Avaldatud veebis: 07.06.2022 Published online: Vastutav autor: Raimo Kõlli Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0002-7725-3757Technogenic soils (TS) or Technosols are year 2022 soils of Estonia. In Estonian Soil Classification (ESC) totally 17 technogenic soil species is listed (Table 1). By way or mode of their forming or establishing almost four TS groups (formed on heaps of wastes, instead of removed soil cover, on mixed soil horizons with parent materials and buried soil covers) have been separated. In dominating cases by technological elaborating works much more than only humus cover are enfold. In the vertical profile of different development stages TS the humus cover, consisting from fine earth subsoil and parent material may be presented (or occur). In the work separately the formed on mineral and organic (mostly peats) origin parent material TS are treated. Among mineral TS by their moisture conditions the automorphic, moist and wet soils are distinguished. Among peaty TS the formed on fen (sapric) and bog (fibric) peats soils are prevailed. The main difference between grounds (non-soil) and TS is their functioning. The real TS is as sustainably functioning assemblage of soil and plant covers or soil-plant system. The concordance or matching of presented in ESC TS’ taxa with World Reference Bases for Soil Resources (WRB) and Polish Soil Classification taxa was elucidated by comparable analysis. The distribution and forming of soils associations with normally developed soils and non-soils (grounds) is characterised by mean of excerpts from digitalized large-scale soil map (1:10,000) and schematic distribution maps. In the work as well the peculiarities of establishing technologies of mineral and peaty TS is treated

Soil on limestone – year 2015 soil of Estonia

By Estonian Soil Sciences Society for the year 2015 soil of Estonia the limestone rendzina was elected. After WRB these soils embrace different kind of Rendzic Lithic Leptosols. The area of limestone rendzina forms only 1.2% from whole Estonian soil cover. In overview on Estonian year 2015 soils' morphology, genesis, classification, humus status and different properties (chemical, physical, hydro-physical) are treated in detail. The functioning and properties of limestone rendzinas are treated by Estonian Soil Classification on soil species (identified by soil genesis) and soil varieties (divided on the basis of soil texture) levels. Besides that the limestone rendzinas' productivity, environment protection ability in dependence upon soil functioning and properties, usage in agriculture and forestry, and distribution in Estonia are analysed as well

“Year 2014 soil” ­ the leached soil

By Estonian Soil Sciences Society for the year 2014 soil the leached soils as one of the best arable soils of Estonia was elected. After WRB these soils embrace mainly Haplic & Endogleyic Cambisols (calcaric, endoskeletic). The area of leached soils forms 7.7% from whole Estonian soil cover or a little bit more than 3250 km². In overview on Estonian year 2014 soil the morphology, genesis, classification, humus status and different properties (chemical, physical, hydro-physical) are treated on detail level of Estonian Soil Classification, for which are soil species (identified by soil genesis) and soil varieties (divided on the basis of soil texture). Besides abovementioned characteristics the productivity, environment protection ability in dependence upon soil functioning and properties, usage in agriculture and forestry, and distribution in Estonia of leached soils is analysed