Map indicating the distribution of <i>Fritillaria</i> in China.

<p>The distribution area of each species is drawn according to the records in the FOC and Flora Xinjiangensis. Photographs of the species are also provided.</p

Comparison of 13 <i>Fritillaria</i> cp genomes with <i>F</i>. <i>cirrhosa</i> as the reference.

<p>LSC: long single copy region; SSC: short single copy region; IRa and IRb: inverted regions. Gray arrow: gene and translation direction; blue block: exon of the gene; red block: conserved non-coding sequences (CNS). Sequence identities are labeled at the right side and range between 50%-100%.</p

Gene map of the <i>Fritillaria</i> cp genome.

<p>Genes belonging to different functional groups are color-coded. The dashed area in the inner circle indicates the GC content. Cp genome size ranges are provided for the seven Xinjiang <i>Fritillaria</i> species.</p

Complete chloroplast genome of seven <i>Fritillaria</i> species, variable DNA markers identification and phylogenetic relationships within the genus

<div><p><i>Fritillaria</i> spp. constitute important traditional Chinese medicinal plants. Xinjiang is one of two diversity hotspots in China in which eight <i>Fritillaria</i> species occur, two of which are endemic to the region. Furthermore, the phylogenetic relationships of Xinjiang <i>Fritillaria</i> species (including <i>F</i>. <i>yuminensis</i>) within the genus are unclear. In the present study, we sequenced the chloroplast (cp) genomes of seven <i>Fritillaria</i> species in Xinjiang using the Illumina HiSeq platform, with the aim of assessing the global structural patterns of the seven cp genomes and identifying highly variable cp DNA sequences. These were compared to previously sequenced <i>Fritillaria</i> cp genomes. Phylogenetic analysis was then used to evaluate the relationships of the Xinjiang species and assess the evolution of an undivided stigma. The seven cp genomes ranged from 151,764 to 152,112 bp, presenting a traditional quadripartite structure. The gene order and gene content of the seven cp genomes were identical. A comparison of the 13 cp genomes indicated that the structure is highly conserved. Ten highly divergent regions were identified that could be valuable in phylogenetic and population genetic studies. The phylogenetic relationships of the 13 <i>Fritillaria</i> species inferred from the protein-coding genes, large single-copy, small single-copy, and inverted repeat regions were identical and highly resolved. The phylogenetic relationships of the species corresponded with their geographic distribution patterns, in that the north group (consisting of eight species from Xinjiang and Heilongjiang in North China) and the south group (including six species from South China) were basically divided at 40°N. Species with an undivided stigma were not monophyletic, suggesting that this trait might have evolved several times in the genus.</p></div

Comparison of LSC, SSC, and IR border regions among the 13 <i>Fritillaria</i> cp genomes.

<p>Colored boxes for genes represent the gene position. ψ: pseudogenes. *: these six species were redrawn according to Park et al. [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0194613#pone.0194613.ref021" target="_blank">21</a>].</p

Variable site analyses in <i>Fritillaria</i> chloroplast genomes.

<p>Variable site analyses in <i>Fritillaria</i> chloroplast genomes.</p

The evolutionary progression of stigmatic traits within the genus.

<p>The evolutionary progression of stigmatic traits within the genus.</p

Supplementary document for Compatible camouflage for dual-band guided-laser radar and infrared via a metamaterial perfect absorber - 6815145.pdf

Supplementary S1: The influence of the proposed device at different crystallization fractions of GS

Supplementary document for Compatible camouflage for dual-band guided-laser radar and infrared via a metamaterial perfect absorber - 6874225.pdf

Supplementary S1: The influence of the proposed device at different crystallization fractions of GS

Additional file 1 of Species delimitation of tea plants (Camellia sect. Thea) based on super-barcodes

Supplementary Material 1